GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES FROM TEN ARAB COUNTRIES

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 649-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. ◽  
Bader M. Alansari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
And Gender

This study investigated gender differences in anxiety among volunteer undergraduates recruited from 10 Arab countries; Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Emirates, Oman, Egypt, Syria,Lebanon, Palestine (Nablus and Gaza), Jordan and Iraq (N = 3,064). The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (KUAS) was used in its Arabic form. It was found that females had higher mean anxiety scores than did their male counterparts in all 10 countries. However, significant differences were found in 7 out of the 10 countries. The salient gender differences were interpreted in the light of a socialization process; especially sex-typing and gender roles.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES FROM SIXTEEN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bader M. Alansari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
English Version ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
And Gender

This study investigated gender differences in anxiety among volunteer undergraduates recruited from sixteen Islamic countries; Algiers, Egypt, Emirates, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen (N= 7,506). The Kuwait University Anxiety Scale (Abdel-Khalek, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004) was used in its Arabic form for all groups except the Pakistan group, for which the English version of KUAS was used. There are significant gender differences in 11 Islamic countries out of 16 in which females tended to be higher on the anxiety scale: Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon, Pakistan, Algiers, Yemen and Syria, while there was no significant difference in anxiety between the genders in the following five countries: Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Sudan, Emirates and Palestine. The salient gender differences were interpreted in the light of a socialization process; especially sex-typing and gender roles.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEPRESSION AMONG UNDERGRADUATES FROM SEVENTEEN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bader M. Alansari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
English Version ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Islamic Countries ◽  
And Gender

This study investigated gender differences in depression among volunteer undergraduates (N = 8,538) recruited from 17 Islamic countries. The Beck Depression Inventory II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996), was used in its Arabic form for all groups except the Pakistan group, which used the English version. Results indicated that there are significant gender differences in 9 of the Islamic countries in which females tended to be higher in depression namely, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Pakistan, Algeria, Oman, Qatar, Morocco, and Kuwait. However, males scored significantly higher than females in Saudi Arabia, while there are no significant gender differences in depression in Lebanon, Tunisia, Palestine, U.A. Emirates, Yemen, Jordan, and Sudan. The salient gender differences were interpreted in the light of a socialization process; especially sex-typing and gender roles.

Gender and Gender Role Expectations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Willoughby ◽  
Spencer L. James
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Role Balance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Neutrality

This chapter provides an overview of emerging adults’ views on gender and gender roles. The authors describe their findings regarding who emerging adults believe benefits more from marriage, men or women. Little consensus seemed to exist regarding how emerging adults viewed the connection between gender and marriage; the authors propose that this is a reflection of our current culture, which continues to move toward gender neutrality and the dismissal of gender differences. The authors also explore how emerging adults believe gender roles will play out in their own marriages. A specific paradox whereby emerging adults aspire to an egalitarian role balance yet tend to end up in traditional gender roles is discussed.

THE IMPACT OF ANXIETY AND GENDER ON PERCEIVING THE MUELLER-LYER ILLUSION

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khader A. Baroun ◽  
Bader M. Al-Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between anxiety, gender and the Mueller-Lyer illusion perception among a sample of 242 undergraduate students (66 males and 176 females), of Kuwait University, Kuwait, to the Mueller-Lyer and Horizontal-Vertical illusion forms. The subjects were divided into 3 groups (high, middle and low anxiety) in accordance with their anxiety scale scores. Although the overall analysis showed no significant difference between males and females with respect to most variables, a significant difference in anxiety was observed where females scored higher than males. The results also showed that gender had no significant correlation to the Mueller-Lyer perception and Horizontal-Vertical illusion. In addition, no significant difference was found as regards the anxiety and gender relationship to degree of illusion. However, the data did show some significant difference in relationship between anxiety and the perception of illusion, with males exhibiting higher scores for anxiety tending to have higher illusion error scores than males with low anxiety scores. Females with higher anxiety scores also were found to have higher illusion error scores than females with low anxiety scores.

Islamic challenges to advertising: a Saudi Arabian perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akram Abdul Cader
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to synthesize the existing research on Islam and advertising with the perspective of the Salafi authority of Saudi Arabia. This study is an exploration of the impact of the conservative interpretation of Islam on advertising. Design/methodology/approach – This study critically reviews the literature on advertising in Islam, specifically in the context of the conservative religious Saudi Arabia, Islam and advertising and its connection with the interpretations of the religiously conservative segment of Saudi Arabian society. This systematic review covered 42 studies in Islamic advertising and Salafist/Hanbali jurisprudence, ranging from 1980 to 2014. These studies were validated through data triangulation using a meta-synthesis of 39 articles with 5 articles on Salafism and 5 Hanbali juristic texts. Findings – The investigation concludes that there are several factors to be considered when developing advertising messages and content for the conservative segment of Islam. The considerations are as follows: (C1) avoidance of Islamic creedal taboos and displays of immorality; (C2) avoiding usage of musical instruments and taboo entertainment; (C3) women must be dressed appropriately, and gender roles must be in conjunction with Islamic texts; and (C4) avoiding deceptive marketing, defaming competition, and ambiguous transactions. Although there was a general consensus on C1 and C3, few studies discussed C2 and C4. Hanbali jurisprudence, the official school of thought in Saudi Arabia, was found to be in agreement with all four considerations. Additionally, the study synthesizes previous studies and contributes more knowledge to the few existing literature on the topic of Islam and advertising. A better understanding of the conservative interpretation of Islam can contribute to scholarship in the field of Islamic marketing. Research limitations/implications – This paper was limited to the Salafist/Wahhabist interpretation of Islam based on Hanbali jurisprudence found in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this paper can be extended and validated through studying the attitudes of Salafists in different regions toward advertising messages and content. Practical implications – This paper was limited to the Salafist/Wahhabist interpretation of Islam based on Hanbali jurisprudence found in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this paper can be extended and validated through studying the attitudes of Salafists in different regions toward advertising messages and content. Originality/value – This study adds to the limited research on Islamic attitudes and challenges toward advertising in the Middle East. The study reviews existing research and utilizes religious rulings to research the conservative Islamic perspective of advertising.

scholarly journals ‘Lasses are much easier to get on with’: The gendered labour of a female ethnographer in an all-male group

2021 ◽  
pp. 146879412098408
Author(s):  
Kate Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Male Group ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Access To The Field ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Fitting In ◽  
The Town

This article addresses the complexities of being a female ethnographer studying an all-male group, as well as the advantages and the effects this had on the researcher. It draws on research undertaken for a doctoral research project, employing ethnography and semi-structured interviews to explore ‘hidden’ food insecurity in the town of Middlesbrough, with predominantly male participants. The existing literature surrounding research and gender addresses the problems associated with gender differences in the field such as fitting in, sexualisation and sexist treatment and confinement to traditional gender roles. This research highlighted many problems associated with being a female ethnographer but that ultimately gender was beneficial in gaining and maintaining access to the field. It concludes by arguing for academia to develop the notion of ‘hidden ethnography’, alongside a recognition that researchers should be supported emotionally in problems they face in the field.

German Version of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale: Psychometric Parameters

2006 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek ◽  
Samer Rudwan ◽  
Konrad Reschke ◽  
Ismail Tanjour
Keyword(s):  
Arab Countries ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
German Sample ◽  
German Translation ◽  
Good Internal Consistency ◽  
German College ◽  
The U.S ◽  
High Criterion

A German translation of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale, written originally in Arabic, was prepared. A sample of 207 men and women German college students was recruited. Coefficient alpha was .88, whereas the item-remainder correlations ranged from .21 to .63, denoting good internal consistency. The correlation of the scale with the German form of the Trait Anxiety Scale was .76, indicating high criterion-related validity. Three factors were identified: General, Somatic, and Cognitive/Affective Anxiety. German students scored lower (less anxious) than students from the U.S. and 18 Arab countries. The sex difference was not significant for the German sample.

Factorial Structure of the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale in a Large Sample of College Students: Rejoinder

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-92
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Kuwait University ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Larger Sample

Recently a study by Lester of American college students found a different factor structure for the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale than studies with students from Arab countries. Thus, a large sample of college students ( N=3,064) was recruited from 10 Arab countries to examine the replicability of the factors previously extracted from the Kuwait University Anxiety Scale. Three factors, identified in the present sample, were compatible with those in the prior larger sample ( N = 9,031). These were labeled Cognitive/Affective Anxiety, Subjective Anxiety or Nervousness, and Somatic Anxiety. The factorial pattern of the scale has been verified by both large samples.

scholarly journals Examination of Cultural and Gender Similarities and Differences among Canadian and U.S. College Students on a Measure of Manifest Anxiety

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
The United States ◽  
Student Population ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Manifest Anxiety

A measurement invariance study was conducted among 1,344 college students from Canada and the United States on an anxiety measure specifically designed for the college student population to determine whether the construct of anxiety was equivalent across country (Canada, United States) and gender. In addition, country and gender differences were examined on the anxiety measure. The Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale-College Version (AMAS-C) was administered to the college students online. The AMAS-C consists of four anxiety (Physiological Anxiety, Social Concerns/Stress, Test Anxiety, and Worry/Oversensitivity) subscales, a Total Anxiety scale, and a Lie scale. Results of tests of measurement invariance found the construct of anxiety equivalent across country and gender and latent mean analyses found gender differences, but no country differences, on the AMAS-C anxiety factors. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals, educational practitioners, and current and future researchers who work with or who will work with the undergraduate student population in Canada are discussed.

scholarly journals Connect vs conquer? CEO gender and implicit motives

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Brueckner ◽  
Janine Bosak ◽  
Jonas W.B. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Role Congruity ◽  
Power Motivation ◽  
Female Ceos ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Affiliation Motivation

PurposeThis study examined gender differences in CEOs' expression of implicit achievement, power and affiliation motivation. Building on the role congruity account of sex differences and similarities in motivation and existing literature on implicit motives, the study tested whether female CEOs would express higher affiliation motivation than male CEOs and similar levels of achievement motivation. In addition, gender differences in power motivation were explored.Design/methodology/approachThe study used propensity score matching to generate a comparable sample of male and female CEOs from publicly traded companies. Subsequently, the authors content-coded CEO letters from annual reports using Winter's (1994) manual for scoring motive imagery in running text.FindingsOverall, CEOs expressed more achievement and power motivation than affiliation motivation. Comparisons between male and female CEOs showed that female CEOs expressed lower power and higher affiliation motivation than male CEOs.Research limitations/implicationsBy integrating implicit motive theory with social role theory and the role congruity account of motivation, this study provides a theoretical framework and novel demonstration that understanding social roles and gender roles can lend insights into motive expression by CEOs.Originality/valueThe study uses established theory and a validated scoring method in a novel way by analyzing implicit motives from CEO letters, a critical communication channel in the CEO–shareholder relationship. In doing so, this study adopts a sociocultural perspective. Informed by the role congruity account of motivation, the study demonstrates the importance of social roles and gender roles for motivational displays.

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