The Relationship Between Spontaneous Trait Inferences and Spontaneous Situational Inferences: A Developmental Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Ningjuan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Developmental Approach ◽  
Recognition Probe ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

Using a recognition probe paradigm, we examined the relationship between the strength of tendency to make spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) and the strength of tendency to make spontaneous situational inferences (SSIs) among 3 groups of Chinese children and adolescents (N = 144) aged 8, 11, and 14 years, respectively. The results showed that the children could make both STIs and SSIs simultaneously from the age of 8 years. Both 8- and 11-year-olds were more likely to make SSIs than STIs, but for the 11-year-olds there was no difference between the strength of tendency to make STIs and the strength of tendency to make SSIs. These results are discussed in the light of social judgment processes, and of cultural differences in spontaneous impression formation.

Cultural Differences in Spontaneous Trait and Situation Inferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajin Lee ◽  
Yuki Shimizu ◽  
Takahiko Masuda ◽  
James S. Uleman
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Thinking Style ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Analytic Thinking ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences

Previous findings indicated that when people observe someone’s behavior, they spontaneously infer the traits and situations that cause the target person’s behavior. These inference processes are called spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) and spontaneous situation inferences (SSIs). While both patterns of inferences have been observed, no research has examined the extent to which people from different cultural backgrounds produce these inferences when information affords both trait and situation inferences. Based on the theoretical frameworks of social orientations and thinking styles, we hypothesized that European Canadians would be more likely to produce STIs than SSIs because of the individualistic/independent social orientation and the analytic thinking style dominant in North America, whereas Japanese would produce both STIs and SSIs equally because of the collectivistic/interdependent social orientation and the holistic thinking style dominant in East Asia. Employing the savings-in-relearning paradigm, we presented information that affords both STIs and SSIs and examined cultural differences in the extent of both inferences. The results supported our hypotheses. The relationships between culturally dominant styles of thought and the inference processes in impression formation are discussed.

scholarly journals Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010–2012

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4551
Author(s):  
Kehong Fang ◽  
Yuna He ◽  
Yuehui Fang ◽  
Yiyao Lian
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Weighing Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

This study aims to examine association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents. Data were obtained from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS), 2010–2012. All participants recruited in this study aged 7–18 years old and provided complete dietary data on three-day consecutive 24 h dietary recalls combining with the household weighing method. Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to define overweight/obesity, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was used to define abdominal obesity. Sodium intake showed association with risk of overweight/obesity assessed by BMI in the highest tertile group with OR of 1.48 (95%CI 1.13–1.94) and 1.89 (95%CI 1.33–2.67) for WHtR. After adjusted for gender, age, household income, area, energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids, and fiber intake, the relationship between sodium intake and overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity are not changed. The same results were founded in subjects aged 10–18 years old. Our results reveal a positive association between sodium intake and overweight/obesity in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy consumption.

The association between a metabolically healthy overweight/obesity phenotype and markers of inflammation among Chinese children and adolescents aged 10–18 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyu Zhou ◽  
Ling Bai ◽  
Yangyang Dong ◽  
Rongrong Cai ◽  
Wenqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Metabolic Phenotypes ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Metabolically Healthy ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

Abstract Objectives The association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHO) and inflammatory markers remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to describe the prevalence of different metabolic phenotypes and to examine the relationship of different metabolic phenotypes with inflammatory markers among Chinese children and adolescents. Methods The study included 1,125 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years using a cross-sectional survey, and all subjects were classified into four groups based on a combination of BMI and metabolic status. In addition, the inflammatory markers we measured were high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results The prevalence of metabolically healthy with normal-weight (MHNW), MHO, metabolically unhealthy with normal-weight (MUNW), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUO) phenotypes was 38.76, 7.11, 38.67 and 15.47%, respectively. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the MHO was associated with the z scores of hs-CRP in Chinese children and adolescents (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.39–0.83). Meanwhile, multivariate adjusted regression analysis showed that the relationship between hs-CRP and MHO among the overweight/obese was consistent with the results above, but among the normal-weight, only the highest quartile of TNF-α could increase the risk of MUNW (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.09–2.52). Conclusions MHO phenotypes were not common in Chinese children and adolescents. Individuals with MHO had a more beneficial hs-CRP profile than those with MUO.

The Development of Spontaneous Trait Inferences: Evidence from Chinese Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Meifang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Children ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Recognition Probe ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Developmental Course

Spontaneous trait inferences are trait inferences that are made without intention or conscious awareness on exposure to trait-implying behaviors. Most studies in the area of spontaneous trait inferences have been undertaken with adults, but little attention has been paid to the developmental course. Using a recognition probe paradigm, the current study was performed to examine the development of Chinese children's spontaneous trait inferences, comparing 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, and 12-year-olds. Results indicated that children could infer traits from trait-implying behaviors spontaneously from the age of 8 years. Moreover, the strength of spontaneous trait inferences peaked at age 10 years, and decreased steadily from ages 10 through 12. These results suggest developmental changes in the tendency to engage in spontaneous trait inferences.

Thinking About Other People

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica D. Schneid ◽  
Matthew T. Crawford ◽  
John J. Skowronski ◽  
Lauren M. Irwin ◽  
Donal E. Carlston
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Facilitated Learning

Three experiments examined whether people spontaneously generate evaluations of target individuals under circumstances in which they are also known to generate spontaneous trait inferences (STIs). The first experiment used a standard savings-in-relearning paradigm to explore whether exposure to trait-implicative behavior descriptions facilitates the learning of evaluatively-congruent, as well as behavior-implied, personality traits. Evidence for the facilitated learning of evaluatively-congruent traits was not obtained. This led to a second experiment in which the savings-in-relearning paradigm was altered to directly assess participants’ relearning of evaluative words (good/bad). The results demonstrated that the same trait-implicative behavioral stimuli can produce both spontaneous trait inferences and spontaneous evaluations when both are measured correctly. Both of these outcomes were replicated in a third study using a false recognition paradigm. The implications of these findings for impression formation processes and for the possible independence of semantic information and evaluative information are discussed.

Primed Self-Construal, Culture, and Stages of Impression Formation

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Adil Saribay ◽  
SoYon Rim ◽  
James S. Uleman
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
False Recognition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Interdependent Self ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Construal Priming

The effects of culture on impression formation are widely documented but poorly understood. Priming independent and interdependent self-construals, and focusing on particular stages of impression formation, could help remedy this because such self-construals differ across cultures. In three experiments, participants’ were primed with independent or interdependent self-construals before they formed spontaneous or intentional impressions of others. In Experiment 1, lexical decision reaction times showed that both traits and situational properties were activated spontaneously, but were unaffected by self-construal priming. In Experiment 2, a false-recognition paradigm showed that spontaneous trait inferences were bound to relevant actors’ faces, again regardless of self-construal priming. In Experiment 3, explicit ratings did show priming effects. Those primed with independent (but not interdependent) self-construal inferred traits more strongly than situational properties. Primed self-construals appear to affect intentional but not spontaneous stages of impression formation. The differences between effects of primed and chronic self-construals are discussed.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Association of Economic Growth with Lung Function of Chinese Children and Adolescents over 30 Years: Evidence from Seven Successive National Surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6592
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Gan ◽  
Kehong Yu ◽  
Xu Wen ◽  
Yijuan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chinese Children And Adolescents

(1) Background: Recent studies reported that decrease in lung function of Chinese children and adolescents continues to decline, although the change has been insignificant and has reached a plateau. However, studies have not explored the relationship between lung function and economic development in China. This study sought to explore the longitudinal association between socio-economic indicators and lung function; (2) Method: Data were obtained from seven successive national surveys conducted by the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health from 1985 to 2014. Lung function of school-age children (7–22 years) was determined using forced vital capacity (FVC). GDP per capita and urbanization ratio were used as economic indicators. A fixed-effects model was employed to examine the longitudinal association after adjusting for height, weight, and time trends; (3) Results: Socio-economic indicators showed a U-curve relationship with lung function of boys and girls from urban and rural areas. Lung function initially decreased with GDP per capita or urbanization ratio and reached a minimum. Lung function then increased with increase in GDP per capita or urbanization ratio. The findings indicate that the relationship between economic growth and lung function is different in different development stages. In less-developed provinces, economic growth was negatively correlated with lung function, whereas, in developed provinces, economic growth was positively correlated with lung function; (4) Conclusion: The findings of the current study show that economic growth has significantly different effects on lung function at different economic levels. Therefore, governments should improve lung health in children and adolescents from low and middle economic regions.

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