Using an Eye Tracker to Measure Information Processing According to Need for Cognition Level

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1869-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Wu ◽  
Yuntao Gao ◽  
Danmin Miao
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Tracking Technology

The need for cognition (NC) refers to the tendency for people to vary in the extent to which they engage in, and enjoy, cognitively effortful activities. However, few studies on NC have been conducted to investigate cognitive processes by using eye-tracking technology. Thus, we measured differences in eye movement between individuals high versus low in NC. We presented 43 undergraduates with persuasive messages on postponed retirement. Meanwhile, their eye movements were recorded using eye-tracking technology. Additionally, participants completed measures of attitude and recall of arguments. Our findings showed that participants high in NC recalled more arguments but did not form more favorable attitudes than did those low in NC. Furthermore, compared to those low in NC, those with high NC recorded longer eye fixation duration, more fixations, slower reading speed, and shorter saccade (movement) lengths. Finally, there were no differences between the two groups concerning the distribution (short, medium, and long fixations) and the proportion of regressions. Eye-tracking technology contributes to further understanding of characteristics of individuals high versus low in NC during reading.

Evaluating Eye Tracking Technology for Understanding how Medical Students Interpret a 12-Lead Electrocardiogram: A Quantitative Approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Tahri Sqalli ◽  
Dena Al-Thani ◽  
Mohamed Badreldin Elshazly ◽  
‪Mohammed Al-Hijji
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Interpretation Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Insight Into

BACKGROUND It is common among healthcare practitioners that accurate interpretation of a 12-lead electrocardiogram demands high levels of skill and expertise. There is a variation amongst healthcare practitioners in their ability to read ECGs accurately and quickly. Moreover, guidelines or best-practices for a standard interpretation process are inexistant. This causes a chasm between skilled interpreters and medical students who are just beginning to develop this skill. OBJECTIVE This study aims to use the eye tracking methodology to research whether eye fixation can be used to gain a deeper understanding into how medical students acquire the ECG interpretation skill. METHODS Each one of the sixteen recruited medical students was asked to interpret ten different types of 12-lead ECGs, while their eye movements were recorded using a Tobii X60 eye tracker. The device uses corneal reflection technology to non-intrusively record the interpreter’s eye movements. The frequency of sampling is 60Hz. Fixations’ heatmaps of where medical students looked at were generated from the collected dataset. A statistical analysis was conducted on the fixations’ count and duration using the Mann Whitney U test, and the Kruskal Wallis test. RESULTS A total number of 16 medical students interpreting 10 ECGs each were recorded. Each interpretation lasted for a duration of 30 seconds. The mean accuracy of the interpretations was 55.63% with a standard deviation of 4.63 %. After analyzing the average fixation duration, we find that on average students study the three lower leads (rhythm strips) the most with a top-down approach (lead II has highest fixation time (mean = 2727 ms, SD = 456) followed by leads V1 (mean = 1476 fixations, SD = 320), V5 (mean = 1301 fixations, SD = 236). We also find a strong correlation between some of the eye tracking features like the time spent fixating and the fixation count (r = 0.87). Finally, by analyzing the time to the first fixation, we understand that medical students develop a personal system of interpretation that adapts and reacts to the nature and the complexity of the diagnosis. We also find that medical students consider some leads as their guiding point towards finding a hint leading to the correct interpretation. CONCLUSIONS The use of eye tracking methodology provided a more precise insight into how medical students learn how to interpret a 12-lead ECG. CLINICALTRIAL NA

Eye Tracking in HCI and Usability Research

2006 ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Poole ◽  
Linden J. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Keyboard Input ◽  
System Usability ◽  
Usability Research ◽  
System Interfaces ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye tracking is a technique whereby an individual’s eye movements are measured so that the researcher knows both where a person is looking at any given time and the sequence in which the person’s eyes are shifting from one location to another. Tracking people’s eye movements can help HCI researchers to understand visual and display-based information processing and the factors that may impact the usability of system interfaces. In this way, eye-movement recordings can provide an objective source of interface-evaluation data that can inform the design of improved interfaces. Eye movements also can be captured and used as control signals to enable people to interact with interfaces directly without the need for mouse or keyboard input, which can be a major advantage for certain populations of users, such as disabled individuals. We begin this article with an overview of eye-tracking technology and progress toward a detailed discussion of the use of eye tracking in HCI and usability research. A key element of this discussion is to provide a practical guide to inform researchers of the various eye-movement measures that can be taken and the way in which these metrics can address questions about system usability. We conclude by considering the future prospects for eye-tracking research in HCI and usability testing.

scholarly journals Effects of age on memory for pragmatic implications in advertising

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110004
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Xue-Rui Peng ◽  
Ming Yan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Advertising Content ◽  
Inferential Processing ◽  
Tracking Technology

People employ automatic inferential processing when confronting pragmatically implied claims in advertising. However, whether comprehension and memorization of pragmatic implications differ between young and older adults is unclear. In the present study, we used eye-tracking technology to investigate online cognitive processes during reading of misleading advertisements. We found an interaction between age and advertising content, manifested as our older participants generated higher misleading rates in health-related than in health-irrelevant products, whereas this content-bias did not appear in their younger counterparts. Eye movement data further showed that the older adults spent more time processing critical claims for the health-related products than for the health-irrelevant products. Moreover, the correlations between fixation duration on pragmatic implications and misleading rates showed opposite trends in the two groups. The eye-tracking evidence novelly suggests that young and older adults may adopt different information processing strategies to comprehend pragmatic implications in advertising: More reading possibly enhances young adults’ gist memory whereas it facilitates older adults’ verbatim memory instead.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

Eye-Tracking Technology

2017 ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Chandni Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Behavioral Markers ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Insight Into

Eye movements and gaze direction have been utilized to make inferences about perception and cognition since the 1800s. The driving factor behind recording overt eye movements stem from the fundamental idea that one's gaze provides tremendous insight into the information processing that takes place early on during development. One of the key deficits seen in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involves eye gaze and social attention processing. The current chapter focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology with high-risk infants who are siblings of children diagnosed with ASD in order to highlight potential bio-behavioral markers that can inform the ascertainment of red flags and atypical behaviors associated with ASD within the first few years of development.

scholarly journals Eye Gazes Based on Associative Relevance Assist in Decision Making Processes during Scene Perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Gufran Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Business Applications ◽  
Decision Making Processes

<p>Research studies on eye movements in area of information processing task, such as scene perception have recently advanced towards understandings of underlying visual perception mechanism and human cognitive dynamics. Besides, business applications of eye tracking are endlessly revealing groundbreaking trends based on practical scenarios. In this study, we conducted a number of eye tracking experiments to establish our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on the associative relevance found within the contexts of scenes during scene perception significantly supported the processes of decision making. The collected eye movement data from participants who viewed artistic scenes discovered that the tracks of eye gazes traversed along the existing associative relevance among the elements of scenes for decision making processes. These experimental evidences confirmed our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on associative relevance assisted in decision making processes during scene perception.</p>

Does Inverting Text Improve Reading Performance in Homonymous Hemianopes?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
M R Baker ◽  
J Henderson ◽  
A Hill
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Sensory Level ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
The Right

Anecdotal information from rehabilitation practice of reading performance and low-vision practice suggests that where right homonymous parafoveal field loss impairs reading at the visual-sensory level, an improvement in reading speed can be achieved by inverting the text. This is because whilst left-field loss is considered to impair return eye movements to the beginning of a line, right-field loss is considered to reduce the spatial size of the perceptual window and increase its temporal extent by prolonging fixations times, reducing the amplitudes of saccades to the right, and introducing frequent regressive saccades. Inverting the text was thought to reverse these effects as the leading edge of the perceptual window is ‘returned’ to the sighted field so that in-line saccades can be visually guided. Here we report that this does not appear to be the case. In our study we measured the eye movements of patients with right homonymous hemianopia and others with peripheral loss due to retinitis pigmentosa as well as normal controls using an infrared video eye-tracker. All groups display a similar proportional prolongation of fixations times, reduction of saccadic amplitude, and proportion of regressive saccades when asked to read inverted text, which suggests a cognitive component of impairment independent of visual field loss in right homonymous hemianopes.

scholarly journals The Power of Eye Tracking in Economics Experiments

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna N. Lahey ◽  
Douglas Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Economics Experiments ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye tracking is a technology that tracks eye activity including how long and where a participant is looking. As eye tracking technology has improved and become more affordable its use has expanded. We discuss how to design, implement, and analyze an experiment using this technology to study economic theory. Using our experience fielding an experiment to study hiring decisions we guide the reader through how to choose an eye tracker, concerns with participants and set-up, types of outputs, limitations of eye tracking, data management and data analysis. We conclude with suggestions for combining eye tracking with other measurements.

scholarly journals Use of Eye-Tracking Technology by Medical Students Taking the Objective Structured Clinical Examination: Descriptive Study

10.2196/17719 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. e17719
Author(s):  
M D Grima-Murcia ◽  
Francisco Sanchez-Ferrer ◽  
Jose Manuel Ramos-Rincón ◽  
Eduardo Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examination ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Clinical Competencies ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

Background The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is a test used throughout Spain to evaluate the clinical competencies, decision making, problem solving, and other skills of sixth-year medical students. Objective The main goal of this study is to explore the possible applications and utility of portable eye-tracking systems in the setting of the OSCE, particularly questions associated with attention and engagement. Methods We used a portable Tobii Glasses 2 eye tracker, which allows real-time monitoring of where the students were looking and records the voice and ambient sounds. We then performed a qualitative and a quantitative analysis of the fields of vision and gaze points attracting attention as well as the visual itinerary. Results Eye-tracking technology was used in the OSCE with no major issues. This portable system was of the greatest value in the patient simulators and mannequin stations, where interaction with the simulated patient or areas of interest in the mannequin can be quantified. This technology proved useful to better identify the areas of interest in the medical images provided. Conclusions Portable eye trackers offer the opportunity to improve the objective evaluation of candidates and the self-evaluation of the stations used as well as medical simulations by examiners. We suggest that this technology has enough resolution to identify where a student is looking at and could be useful for developing new approaches for evaluating specific aspects of clinical competencies.

scholarly journals Investigating the Use of Eye Fixation Data for Emotion Classification in VR

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1852-1857
Author(s):  
Lim Jia Zheng Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Emotion Classification ◽  
Learning Classifier ◽  
Rbf Kernel ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye-tracking technology has become popular recently and widely used in research on emotion recognition since its usability. In this paper, we presented a preliminary investigation on a novelty approach for detecting emotions using eye-tracking data in virtual reality (VR) to classify 4-quadrant of emotions according to russell’scircumplex model of affects. A presentation of 3600 videos is used as the experiment stimuli to evoke the emotions of the user in VR. An add-on eye-tracker within the VR headset is used for the recording and collecting device of eye-tracking data. Fixation data is extracted and chosen as the eye feature used in this investigation. The machine learning classifier is support vector machine (SVM) with radial basis function (RBF) kernel. The best classification accuracy achieved is 69.23%. The findings showed that emotion classification using fixation data has promising results in the prediction accuracy from a four-class random classification.

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