scholarly journals Is the Theoretical Unity of the Fallacies Possible?

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Woods
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
The State ◽  
Fallacy Theory

Historically, the fallacies have been neglected as objects of systematic study. Yet, since Hamblin's famous criticism of the state of fallacy theory, a substantial literature has been produced. A large portion of this literature is the work of Douglas Walton and John Woods. This paper will deal directly with the criticism of that work which has been advanced by van Eemeren and Grootendorst, particularly the complaints found in their writings of 1992, concerning the disunification of the fallacies and the exemplaristic approach of Woods and Walton's theories. It proposes a unification of the theories of Woods and Walton with that of van Eemeren and Grootendorst, and suggests that such a unification could be advantageous to both theories, and highly interesting for fallacy theory in general.

Statistics as Social Science

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-40
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Statistical Thinking ◽  
History Of

This chapter discusses statistics as social science. The systematic study of social numbers in the spirit of natural philosophy was pioneered during the 1660s, and was known for about a century and a half as political arithmetic. Its purpose, when not confined to the calculation of insurance or annuity rates, was the promotion of sound, well-informed state policy. Political arithmetic was, according to William Petty, the application of Baconian principles to the art of government. Implicit in the use by political arithmeticians of social numbers was the belief that the wealth and strength of the state depended strongly on the number and character of its subjects. Political arithmetic was supplanted by statistics in France and Great Britain around the beginning of the nineteenth century. The shift in terminology was accompanied by a subtle mutation of concepts that can be seen as one of the most important in the history of statistical thinking.

Effect of the Concentration and Nature of the Emulsifying Agent on the State of Dispersion of Latexes

1954 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 468-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Yurzhenko ◽  
V. P. Gusyakov
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Polymeric Particles ◽  
Emulsifying Agent ◽  
Butadiene Polymerization

Abstract Yurzhenko and Mintz were the first to show that, in the process of emulsion polymerization, the size of the polymeric particles in the latex increases regularly. This phenomenon is in complete accord with the theory that, in the particular case of 1,3-butadiene, polymerization proceeds to a major extent in the micelles of the emulsifying agent. A systematic study of the state of dispersion of synthetic latexes in its relation to the experimental conditions and the processes taking place during their formation would appear to be of great potential value in the study of the mechanism of emulsion polymerization. The present authors have studied the degree of dispersion of synthetic latexes prepared in the laboratory, with different concentrations and types of emulsifying agents. Work in this field has not been reported in the scientific literature, although, in studies of emulsion polymerization, data on the state of dispersion of latexes under certain conditions have been reported. In the present work, the effects of other factors, such as the nature of the monomer, initiator, and electrolytes, on the size of the latex particles and the characteristics of these particles also were studied.

scholarly journals Investigating the impacts of artificial intelligence technology on technological innovation from a patent perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Hui Qiu ◽  
Xin Yang ◽  
Zong-Ze Li ◽  
Chiyu Zhang ◽  
Shui-Xuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been widely applied in various fields in recent years. Nevertheless, no systematic study has yet been conducted on the effects of AI technology on different fields. In this study, the impacts of the latest AI technology on technological innovation in different fields were analysed and quantized systematically from a patent perspective. Moreover, trends on AI technological innovation in some fields were analysed thoroughly. We conducted this study on a dataset of patents related to AI technology. Based on the patent dataset, we carried out a statistical analysis on technology fields, which we defined and classified based on international patent classification (IPC) number. Distributions of IPC in different fields were also analysed to determine the trends on AI technological innovation. The research conclusions can provide useful information to investors and enterprises, who are interested in the state of the art concerning AI technology.

TRAUMATIC RENAL FAILURE IN THE RAT

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-108
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Morton ◽  
Sydney M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
The State ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Limb Injury

A systematic study of the variables connected with the production of renal damage following a crushing limb injury in the rat has been made. The state of hydration of the animal immediately prior to and following the crushing injury appears to be the most critical variable. Myoglobin, while it intensifies the renal dysfunction, is not necessary for its production. The area involved in the crush as well as the amount of renal reserve, are important factors. Various steroid hormones were ineffective in altering the course of the disease.

scholarly journals ¿Divisoria e invisible a la vez? La frontera hispano-francesa de la zona vascoparlante desde el prisma de la movilidad nupcial (1780-1920) = Divisive yet also invisible? The Franco-Spanish border of the Basque-speaking area through the prism of nuptial mobility (1780-1920)

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Benjamin Duinat
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
The State ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dividing Line

Resumen: A través del estudio sistemático de la frecuencia de los matrimonios transfronterizos entre 1780 y 1920 en el valle de Xareta situado a caballo en el límite hispano-francés, se pretende revisar la interpretación dominante según la cual los fronterizos de la zona vascoparlante fueron dándose la espalda a lo largo del siglo XIX. La permanencia y regularidad de las uniones transfronterizas demuestran que las observaciones acerca de la formación inexorable de una ruptura territorial entre vascos de España y Francia no reflejan un hecho real, sino impresiones erróneas que han sido hasta hoy repetidas acríticamente. En definitiva, la frontera posee una naturaleza muy polisémica, en tanto en cuanto es aprehendida y apropiada de modo muy distinto en función de los individuos y grupos. La línea divisoria de los agentes estatales permanece casi invisible al analizar las dinámicas espaciales vinculadas a la movilidad nupcial.Palabras claves: Frontera, Movilidad nupcial, Zona vascoparlante, Siglos XVIII-XX.Abstract: Through the systematic study of the frequency of cross-border marriages, between 1780 and 1920 in the valley of Xareta straddling the Franco-Spanish border, we aim to revise the dominant interpretation according to which the frontier population of the Basque country turned their back on their neighbours during the 19th century. The permanence and regularity of cross-border nuptial unions show that remarks about the establishment of a permanent territorial divide between Basques in France and Spain do not relate to a real fact and are thus erroneous impressions that have been repeated uncritically. Ultimately, the border is polysemic, as the range of actors and groups apprehended and appropriated it very differently. When analysing the spatial dynamics linked to nuptial mobility, the dividing line of the State is almost invisible.Key words: Boundary, Nuptial Mobility, Basque-speaking área, 18th-20th centuries.

scholarly journals Problems of ensuring national security

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
V.A. Ksenofontov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Conceptual Apparatus ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Intellectual Power

The main attention is paid to the theoretical substantiation of national security. It shows the importance of clarifying the conceptual apparatus of the current theory of national security, the significance of systematic study of modern military interstate confrontation, also the significance of developing a comprehensive counteraction to non-traditional violence in the interests of the preservation and development of the state. The need and priority of improving the smart (intellectual) power of national security, according to the national tradition, are highlighted.

TRAUMATIC RENAL FAILURE IN THE RAT

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-108
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Morton ◽  
Sydney M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Renal Dysfunction ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Renal Damage ◽  
The State ◽  
Critical Variable ◽  
Limb Injury

A systematic study of the variables connected with the production of renal damage following a crushing limb injury in the rat has been made. The state of hydration of the animal immediately prior to and following the crushing injury appears to be the most critical variable. Myoglobin, while it intensifies the renal dysfunction, is not necessary for its production. The area involved in the crush as well as the amount of renal reserve, are important factors. Various steroid hormones were ineffective in altering the course of the disease.

scholarly journals Technologies and Distance Education with Focus on Teacher Training

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Anair Altoé ◽  
Aldevino Ribeiro Da Silva ◽  
Luciano Gonsalves Costa ◽  
Neusa Altoé ◽  
Heliana da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
State University ◽  
The University ◽  
Technology In School

<p><em>The microelectronics revolution in the twentieth century and the evolution of the profile of Information Technologies and Communication require a teacher able to adapt to a changing world. The simple proposition of using technology in school, with the goal of making teaching innovative, is naive. Teachers need to be trained competently in order to open paths in the construction of their own knowledge and creativity. Therefore, researching the fundamentals of distance education to build a path that allows the university community to access the achievements of this type of education in the initial and continuing training of teachers from the State University of Maringá (UEM) is the challenge before us. For this, we proposed systematic study along with institutional projects to identify activities developed in distance education that make it possible to analyze the proposed teacher education projects developed, identifying actions that enable the initial and continuing training of the teacher within development of the course in the modality of </em><em>D</em><em>istance </em><em>E</em><em>ducation (DE).</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals FINANCIAL FRAUD: THEORETICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION AND ECONOMIC BASIS

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
Tetiana KIZYMA ◽  
Yurii KHAMYHA
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Fraud ◽  
Economic Phenomenon ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

Introduction. Intensive development of the world economic processes, contagion of globalization trends, growth of banking and other financial and credit services have led to increase in role of finance in modern life. In addition, an active use of the latest information technologies, cashless form of settlements has led to growth of various types of fraud in the financial sector. Therefore, study of theoretical and conceptual foundations of financial fraud and identification of its most important features is extremely relevant under today’s conditions of development of Ukrainian economy. Purpose of the research is to study the theoretical and conceptual foundations of financial fraud, primarily in terms of modern financial science and distinction between moral and psychological, economic and legal aspects of this phenomenon. Results. In spite of the fact that the concept of “financial fraud” gradually becomes more used both in Ukrainian scientific environment (even under the condition of absence of its clear legal regulation) in media and the Internet, as well as for objective and systemic research of problems related to financial fraud it is necessary to clarify the essence and content of this concept. On the basis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists, the author’s definition of financial fraud as a set of economic relations, implemented by legal entities or individuals (usually without violent actions), is in the process of formation, distribution and use of financial resources (income) by fraud or abuse of trust or service position for the purpose of obtaining economic and / or other benefits (personal, corporate or in favour of the third parties). Financial fraud as a phenomenon reflects the cash flows between the subjects of financial relations (the fraudster and the victim), which results in receipt of economic benefits by fraudster and losses – a victim of fraudulent activities. At present, financial fraud is a complex, multifaceted economic phenomenon that is based primarily on a psychological basis (it is thirst for easy money and unawareness that are the universal human weaknesses that “feed” financial fraud). In addition, the imperfect legal system contributes to the fact that various fraudulent schemes continue to be actively pursued in the state. Therefore, only a thorough and systematic study of financial fraud as an economic, antisocial, unlawful (and often supranational) act will contribute to the formation of necessary conditions and the development of effective measures to minimize it under modern conditions. Psychological, economic and legal nature of financial fraud is characterized. On the basis of official statistics, the dynamics of number and structure of crimes, related to financial fraud in Ukraine in 2015–2018, has been analyzed and highlighted at high level of their latency. The emphasis is made not on the important role of a state in overcoming this negative phenomenon. Conclusions. At present, financial fraud is a complex, multifaceted economic phenomenon that is based primarily on psychological basis (namely, thirst for easy money and unawareness are the universal human weaknesses that “feed” financial fraud). In addition, imperfect legal system contributes to the fact that various fraudulent schemes continue to be actively pursued in the state. Therefore, only a thorough and systematic study of financial fraud as an economic, antisocial, unlawful (and often supranational) act will contribute to the formation of necessary conditions and development of effective measures to minimize it under the modern conditions.

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