scholarly journals Latvia-Mandated Palestine Economic Relations 1920–1940

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Viesturs Pauls Karnups ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Timber Products

This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Mandated Palestine economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period Latvian and Mandated Palestine economic relations were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Mandated Palestine was more or less regulated by Latvia’s 1923 treaty with Great Britain. Latvia’s main imports from Mandated Palestine in the interwar period were fruits (including oranges, lemons, grapes, figs, pears, etc.), tobacco, and olive oil, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Mandated Palestine were fish and fish conserves (including “Sprotes”), timber and timber products, paper and paper products, plywood, butter, and wooden nails and pins for footwear. In general, despite a growth in trade in the 1930s, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period.

scholarly journals Latvia-South Africa Economic Relations 1918–1940

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Viesturs Pauls Karnups ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
South African ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Timber Products ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of South Africa was the first country on the continent of Africa to recognise the renewed independence of the Republic of Latvia on 29 August 1991. This paper provides an overview of Latvian-South African economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period Latvian and South African economic relations were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to South Africa (then known as the Union of South Africa) was more or less regulated by Latvia’s 1923 treaty with Great Britain. Latvia’s main imports from South Africa in the interwar period were fruits (including oranges, mandarins, apricots, grapes, pears, etc.), tanning extracts and materials, paint and varnish extracts and materials, raw wool, palm kernels and oil, and furs and hides, whilst Latvia’s main exports to South Africa were fish and fish conserves (including “Sprotes”), confectionery and chocolates, timber and timber products, paper and paper products, plywood, and liquors etc. In general, despite a growth in trade in the 1930s, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period.

scholarly journals Latvian–Norwegian Economic Relations 1918–1940

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Viesturs Pauls Karnups ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Metal Products

This article provides an overview of Latvian–Norwegian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Norwegian were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Norway as well. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however normal trade with Norway did not commence until 1920 after the end of the Latvian War of Independence. It ended with the occupation of Norway in 1940. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Norway was regulated by the 1924 Commercial and Navigation treaty. Latvia’s main imports from Norway in the interwar period were herrings, cotton cloth, agricultural and industrial machinery, treated hides, various types of metals and metal products, animal fats and fish oils, drive-belts, stones and wire, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Norway were butter, meat, plywood, pit-props and boards, thread, linoleum, pulpwood, gypsum, paints and paint products, as well as radios. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to similarities in their economic structures and geographical distance.

scholarly journals Latvian-Brazilian Economic Relations 1918–1940

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Viesturs Pauls Karnups ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Geographical Distance ◽  
Economic Relations

This article provides an overview of Latvian-Brazilian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Brazil were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however Latvians had been emigrating to Brazil from 1890 and establishing farming colonies. By the end of the 1930s some 8000 Latvians had settled in Brazil. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Brazil was regulated by the 1932 Commercial Agreement. Latvia’s main imports from Brazil in the interwar period were coffee, cocoa, hides and furs, tobacco, raw rubber, and cotton, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Brazil were fish conserves, paper, and rubber goods. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due partly to some similarities in their economic structures, but mainly because of geographical distance.

RESEARCH OF FEATURES OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC TRADE OF REGIONAL ECONOMY SERVICES

2019 ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Andrii ZAVHORODNII
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
General Situation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Reduction Peak ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Export Dynamics

Abstract Introduction. Nowadays the foreign economic activity of the regions serves as a factor contributing to improving the population well-being, improving its life quality, as well as territory socio-economic development and increasing its competitiveness. The purpose of the article is to analyze the foreign trade in services at the regional level and to identify its features. Results. The comparative analysis of the services export dynamics was conducted in the studied regions for the period from 1996 to 2018: the periods of growth, reduction, peak values were identified, the leader – Odessa region was determined. At the same time, it is emphasized that due to the decrease in the indicator in Odessa region and the growth in the Mykolaiv region, the gap between them narrowed significantly for the period from 2012. The dynamics of the services import volume in the economy of the studied regions has been analyzed. Determination of the leader – Odessa region was done, the trends of dynamics for the studied period are considered. The dynamics calculation of the foreign trade balance in services in the Mykolayiv region is given. The calculation of the chain gains index of the services foreign trade balance in the Mykolaiv region is given, which indicates a considerable amplitude of fluctuations and reduction from 2014 to 2016. Results. The foreign trade balance in services in the studied areas was calculated and analyzed: the Odessa region was the leader before 2010. After in accordance with the services export dynamics in Odessa and Mykolaiv regions, their convergence to the actual equalization in 2018 is observed. The positive value of the balance in all the regions for the whole study period is noteworthy. The analysis makes it possible to confirm the significant dependence of the foreign regions economic activity of the Black Sea region on the general situation in the country with divergent tendencies of indicators changes, which allows to define it as heterogeneous. Keywords: foreign economic activity of the region, export, import, dynamics, regional foreign economic relations, foreign economic relations of the region.

The Hoare-Laval Plan: A Study in International Polities

1962 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-364
Author(s):  
Henderson B. Braddick
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
African Country ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
State Department ◽  
The State ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Major Turning Point

The agreement between British Foreign Minister Sir Samuel Hoare and Pierre Laval, French Premier and Foreign Minister, in early December, 1935, was a major turning point in European international politics during the interwar period. It placed a premium on Fascist aggression in Ethiopia by proposing that Italy be given actual or de facto control over huge slices of the African country. Several volumes of memoirs published in the last few years throw new light on some aspects of the proposal itself and on the politics of Great Britain, Italy, and France toward the Italo-Ethiopian conflict, policies which at the height of the international crisis produced the Hoare-Laval Plan. In addition, the State Department documents, published and unpublished, are a mine of information on these matters.

scholarly journals Foreign trade security and its support system as a special element of economic security of the state

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-607
Author(s):  
Anna Yu. Pak
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
External Influence ◽  
Main Constituent ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Constituent Elements

The article offers a classification of types of economic security and separately identifies foreign trade security as the most important element of the states economic security in the context of global escalation of trade contradictions in international trade. The essential characteristics of foreign trade security, characterized by permanent external influence, are revealed. Based on the identified features and characteristics, the definition of foreign trade security is given as a state of protection of exports and(or) imports from threats caused only by external influence, but not internal, in contrast to other types of economic security. It is shown that it is impossible to achieve the state of full provision of foreign trade security of the state in the conditions of participation in international economic relations. To resolve the contradiction between the goal of maximizing the effect of foreign trade activities and the simultaneous need to ensure security, we propose the formation of a scientifically-based system for ensuring foreign trade security and identify its main constituent elements.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF UNBALANCED STATE BUDGET OF UKRAINE: ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE FACTORS OF BUDGET REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Zahidna ◽  
◽  
Vasylyna Ignatyshyna ◽  
Uliana Skydan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Successful Solution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

A significant place in the social and economic development of each country belongs to the problems of the budget, because the budget belongs to the sphere of public life that directly affects the interests of all members of society. The budget of any country reflects the important economic, social and political problems of the state and each person in particular. At the same time, the successful solution of budget problems is possible only if a proper understanding of its essence, role and place in the system of economic relations. For any country, the state budget is the main link in the financial system. As part of this system, it combines the main financial categories: income and expenditure of the country, the tax system, public credit, public debt in their closest coexistence. The budget as a financial plan of public expenditures and sources of their coverage plays an important role in the activities of the state. It determines its capabilities and development priorities, its role and forms of implementation of the functions assigned to it. It is an effective regulator of that economy reflects the amount of financial resources required by the state, determines specific areas of use of funds, directs the financial activities of the state. The article analyzes and defines the essence of revenues and expenditures of the state budget. The state and dynamics of state budget revenues and budget expenditures are studied. A comparison of state budget revenues and expenditures was made and it was investigated that expenditures significantly exceed revenues, and therefore the state budget is in deficit. The factors of formation of revenues and expenditures of the state budget at the present stage are determined. The dynamics of GDP growth rates and state revenues are analyzed budget, as well as the impact of GDP on the state budget. The peculiarities of the influence of the foreign trade factor on the revenues and expenditures of the state budget are determined. The influence and shares of exports and imports in the state budget revenues are studied. The current problems of imbalance of the state budget and the causes of the state budget deficit are identified. Ways to balance revenues and expenditures at the present stage are proposed. The dynamics of indicators of export and import of Ukraine is analyzed. The problems of Ukraine 's foreign trade at the present stage are investigated and perspective directions of improvement of the existing state of the export – import policy of the state are determined.

scholarly journals Problems and Prospects of Development of the International Market of Transport Services

2020 ◽  
pp. 305-312
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Dubytskyi ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Bodak ◽  
Nadiya Kuts ◽  
Yuri Bulik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
International Market ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Passenger Flows ◽  
The One ◽  
Further Development

The current situation in the world economy is characterized by varying degrees of development of national economies and their openness to participate in international economic relations, the saturation of trade flows at different stages of cooperation between countries, increasing passenger flows, on the one hand, and insufficient economic development. base, a small number of modern studies of the methodological basis for the functioning of the transport and logistics complex in modern science, on the other hand, cause an objective need for mentioned places, the role and importance of transport services as an important economic category. The structural shifts that determine the movement of world production and international trade are largely determined by the transformations taking place in the world transport complex. No foreign trade operation can be imagined without the participation of transport, in any case, the goods must be delivered from seller to buyer. Transport service - a service for the performance of the contract of carriage of people and goods. In the implementation of foreign trade, road transport has certain advantages over other modes of transport: maneuverability, delivery of goods "door to door"; urgency and regularity of delivery; delivery can be organized according to the system "just in time" (exactly on time); packaging (required in smaller quantities or not required at all). This article examines the trends and prospects for the development of the international market of transport services. The question of the current state of the freight market is stated. The main problems of the international market of transport services are clarified. The factors influencing the further development of the market of transport services are determined. Substantiated tasks in the field of international agreements in the field of road transport. The study allows us to consider and analyze important areas of innovative development and application of modern technologies in the field of transport. Prospects for further development of freight transportation are considered and generalized.

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