scholarly journals A Kinetic Study of 2-Amino-4-(Methyl-Thio) Butanoic Acid By Quinaldinium Fluorochromate In Selected Hydrophilic Solvent Medium

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Elavarasan, A. ◽  
Dharmaraja J. ◽  
Raj V. ◽  
.Harikrishnan B ◽  
Vadivel S.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Oxidation Kinetics ◽  
Sodium Perchlorate ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Solvent Medium ◽  
Hydrophilic Solvent ◽  
Activation Conditions

A Major role in oxidation kinetics is to determine the reaction mechanism that comprise chemical reaction. In the present paper we derived rate law for reaction mechanism and to recognized the order of reaction, give rate equation, calculate the rate constant. Identify the product of this oxidation reaction.The chemical oxidation of 2-Amino-4-methyl thio-butanoic acid by Quinaldinium Fluorochromate was studied in 50-50 (v/v) selected hydrophilic solvent medium at 308 Kelvin. The reaction is acid catalysed and exhibits first order dependence with respect to oxidant, substrate, and fractional order respect to H+ ion concentrations. Chemical oxidation kinetics is the study of the rate of chemical reaction.the factors Manganesh sulphate, Acrylonitrile, Sodium perchlorate that affect these rates (or) not, and draw of ln Kobs/T verses 1/T energy diagram to find the activation energy. Addition of sodium perchlorate slightly decreases the rate of reaction. However, Acrylonitrile is not induced by the polymerization reaction, showing that there is no free radical route. Added Mn2+ increases with slightly increase rate in the reaction medium. 2-Amino-4-(MethylThio)-Butanoic acid by Quinaldinium Fluorochromate has not been reported. Hence, the investigation of oxidation of 2-Amino-4-Methyl Thio-Butanoic acid by QNFC in selected hydrophilic solvent medium and the corresponding mechanistic aspects are discussed in this research paper. A systematic kinetic work carried out to explore the physical characterization of the reactance. The characterstic effects like Substrate, Oxidant, Perchloric acid, Solvent, Sodium perchlorate, Acrylonitrile, Manganes sulphate and Influence Temperature it clearly shows effect on that reaction path. The process was carried out at four different temperatures to determine the activation conditions. The measured kinetic findings ΔH# and ΔS# are derived from the value.

Chlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in acidic aqueous medium

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1842-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Švec
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Model Experiments ◽  
Sulfuric And Hydrochloric Acids

The course of chlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (I) in water and approximately 20% sulfuric and hydrochloric acids has been investigated. In all these media the reaction gives primarily 2,4,6,6-tetrachloro-2,4-cyclohexadienone (II) which is subsequently chlorinated under formation of polychlorinated alicyclic ketones or isomerized to give the more stable 2,4,6,6-tetrachloro-2,5-cyclohexadienone (III), the precursor of further arising chlorinated 1,4-benzoquinones. The ratio of the arising polychlorinated alicyclic ketones to chlorinated 1,4-benzoquinones is significantly influenced by concentration of hydrogen chloride in the reaction medium. On the basis of model experiments, the reaction mechanism of exhaustive chlorination of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol has been suggested.

Preparation of Sulfur-Free Exfoliated Graphite in the Graphite-HClO4-CH3COOH Systerms

2015 ◽  
Vol 1094 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Guo Jiang Zhou ◽  
Xiao Tong Feng ◽  
Guang Chao Lv
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Exfoliated Graphite ◽  
Mixed Acid ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments

The sulfur-free exfoliated graphite(EG) was prepared by chemical oxidation method using the mixture of HClO4 and CH3COOH as reaction medium, the 100 orders natural flake graphite(NG) as raw material, and KMnO4 as oxidant. The effects of influence factors on the exfoliation volume(EV) were analyzed by single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments, the structure of NG and EG were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Results show that the optimum preparation conditions were as follows: graphite(g): KMnO4(g): the mixed acid (mL) = 1:0.35:4, HClO4 (mL):CH3COOH (mL) = 3:1, reaction temperature at 35°C for 90 minutes, the maximum EV of up to 500mL/g. The influence factors are governed the descending order: the volume ratio of HClO4 :CH3COOH, reaction temperature, the dosage of mixed acid, the dosage of KMnO4, reaction time.

scholarly journals Conversion of Oleic Acid into Azelaic and Pelargonic Acid by a Chemo-Enzymatic Route

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Brenna ◽  
Danilo Colombo ◽  
Giuseppe Di Lecce ◽  
Francesco G. Gatti ◽  
Maria Chiara Ghezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Azelaic Acid ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Pelargonic Acid ◽  
Dihydroxystearic Acid ◽  
Chemical Purity ◽  
Enzymatic Route

A chemo-enzymatic approach for the conversion of oleic acid into azelaic and pelargonic acid is herein described. It represents a sustainable alternative to ozonolysis, currently employed at the industrial scale to perform the reaction. Azelaic acid is produced in high chemical purity in 44% isolation yield after three steps, avoiding column chromatography purifications. In the first step, the lipase-mediated generation of peroleic acid in the presence of 35% H2O2 is employed for the self-epoxidation of the unsaturated acid to the corresponding oxirane derivative. This intermediate is submitted to in situ acid-catalyzed opening, to afford 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid, which readily crystallizes from the reaction medium. The chemical oxidation of the diol derivative, using atmospheric oxygen as a stoichiometric oxidant with catalytic quantities of Fe(NO3)3∙9∙H2O, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), and NaCl, affords 9,10-dioxostearic acid which is cleaved by the action of 35% H2O2 in mild conditions, without requiring any catalyst, to give pelargonic and azelaic acid.

Kinetics of Isoprenepolymerization Initiated with TiCl4—Trialkyl Aluminum

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 696-698
Author(s):  
S. E. Bresler ◽  
M. I. Mosevitskiĭ
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Heat Evolution ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Rate Of Polymerization ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract For the study of the mechanism of polymerization by means of complexes of aluminum organic compounds with titanium chlorides, data on the kinetics of polymerization is of great interest. Up to the present time, the rate of polymerization of propylene has been studied but the interpretation of the kinetic data is difficult because the polymer, which is practically insoluble in the reaction medium, entraps the catalyst resulting in a rate of reaction which is dependent on the diffusion of monomer through the polymer to the active sites. In this work the polymerization of isoprene, which yields polymers soluble in the monomer, in saturated hydrocarbons and in benzene, was studied. The rate of the polymerization reaction was measured by the thermal effect in a calorimeter consisting of a 3.5 1. Dewar flask, with a lid, immersed in a thermostated air bath maintained at approximately the temperature of the reaction. Low viscosity spindle oil, heated to the temperature of the reaction (about 32°), served as the calorimeter fluid. The ampoule holder extended outside of the calorimeter and was connected to a shaking apparatus. The ampoule was divided by a thin partition into two sections each holding 45–50 cc. Into one section previously purified monomers and solvent were distilled. The other section was filled with catalyst components from a Shlenk container. The change in temperature of the calorimeter was determined with a Beckman thermometer with an accuracy of 0.01 °. When the temperature of the calorimeter containing the ampoule remained constant to within 0.01–0.02° for 30–40 minutes, the shaking apparatus was connected and the partition was broken with a striker. Intensive shaking was continued during the entire experiment resulting in mixing of the reaction mixture and of the calorimeter fluid. The rate of reaction was determined by the rate of heat evolution ; in other words, by the temperature rise in the calorimeter. For a rise of 0.1–0.5° the reaction conditions remained practically isothermal. This rise permits the kinetics of the reaction to be observed with sufficient accuracy. Adiabaticity of the calorimeter and the effect of mechanical heat were controlled in separate experiments.

scholarly journals Alkaline-Based Catalysts for Glycerol Polymerization Reaction: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negisa Ebadipour ◽  
Sébastien Paul ◽  
Benjamin Katryniok ◽  
Franck Dumeignil
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range

Polyglycerols (PGs) are biocompatible and highly functional polyols with a wide range of applications, such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, antimicrobial agents, in many industries including cosmetics, food, plastic and biomedical. The demand increase for biobased PGs encourages researchers to develop new catalytic systems for glycerol polymerization. This review focuses on alkaline homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The performances of the alkaline catalysts are compared in terms of conversion and selectivity, and their respective advantages and disadvantages are commented. While homogeneous catalysts exhibit a high catalytic activity, they cannot be recycled and reused, whereas solid catalysts can be partially recycled. The key issue for heterogenous catalytic systems, which is unsolved so far, is linked to their instability due to partial dissolution in the reaction medium. Further, this paper also reviews the proposed mechanisms of glycerol polymerization over alkaline-based catalysts and discuss the various operating conditions with an impact on the performances. More particularly, temperature and amount of catalyst proved to have a significant influence on glycerol conversion and on its polymerization extent.

scholarly journals Alkaline-Based Catalysts for Glycerol Polymerization Reaction: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Negisa Ebadipour ◽  
Sébastien Paul ◽  
Benjamin Katryniok ◽  
Franck Dumeignil
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range

Polyglycerols (PGs) are biocompatible and highly functional polyols with a wide range of applications, such as emulsifiers, stabilizers and antimicrobial agents, in many industries including cosmetics, food, plastic and biomedical. The demand increase for biobased PGs encourages researchers to develop new catalytic systems for glycerol polymerization. This review focuses on alkaline homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The performances of the alkaline catalysts are compared in terms of conversion and selectivity, and their respective advantages and disadvantages are commented. While homogeneous catalysts exhibit a high catalytic activity, they cannot be recycled and reused, whereas solid catalysts can be partially recycled. The key issue for heterogenous catalytic systems, which is unsolved thus far, is linked to their instability due to partial dissolution in the reaction medium. Further, this paper also reviews the proposed mechanisms of glycerol polymerization over alkaline-based catalysts and discusses the various operating conditions with an impact on performance. More particularly, temperature and amount of catalyst are proven to have a significant influence on glycerol conversion and on its polymerization extent.

Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes by sodium perchlorate evaluated

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1964-1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
G T Sanders ◽  
E van der Neut ◽  
J P van Straalen
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Sodium Perchlorate ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Selective Determination ◽  
Autopsy Tissue ◽  
Human Autopsy ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes

Abstract We evaluated a method of measuring lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 (LD-1) selectively (Clin Chem 1987;33:991-2), in which all other LD isoenzymes were inhibited by adding sodium perchlorate to the reaction medium to a final concentration of 0.825 mol/L. In this study we used the different isoenzymes purified from human autopsy tissue and found that the originally published amount of inhibitor (a) increased the original LD-1 activity and (b) did not eliminate all enzyme activity of LD-2 and LD-3. Interference by LD-2 was further demonstrated. Thus we conclude that this method cannot be used for the selective determination of LD-1 because its results do not accurately reflect the original LD-1 activity.

Fenton’s Oxidation Kinetics, Pathway, and Toxicity Evaluation of Diethyl Phthalate in Aqueous Solution

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinqin Zhang ◽  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Yangming Lei
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Oxidation Kinetics ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Diethyl Phthalate ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Fenton's Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Degradation ◽  
Comprehensive Study

AbstractA comprehensive study of the chemical oxidation degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) was conducted through Fenton processes. Effects of various operating parameters that considerably affect DEP decomposition were investigated, including solution pH, H

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