scholarly journals CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE EVENTOS PLUVIOMÉTRICOS EXTREMOS EM ÁREA AFETADA POR PROCESSOS DE ARENIZAÇÃO NO SUDOESTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

GEOgraphia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (47) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Andrey Luis Binda ◽  
Roberto Verdum

Resumo: Areais são feições notáveis na paisagem dos campos da campanha gaúcha. Embora inicialmente tratadas como desertos, a gênese dos areais são antes decorrentes do clima úmido atual, principalmente da ação de chuvas torrenciais como elemento disparador dos processos de arenização. Esses processos são altamente dinâmicos no tempo e no espaço, de tal modo que os areais apresentam expansão/retração, dependendo, substancialmente, do regime de chuvas (excesso, redução ou ausência). Nesse sentido, visa-se, no presente trabalho apresentar a importância da classificação dos anos/meses-padrão como subsídio para o reconhecimento de eventos pluviométricos extremos, em área afetada por processos de arenização, no sudoeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados apontam que os anos-padrão são categoricamente atrelados ao aumento do número de dias com chuva, que ensejam o aumento/redução dos totais anuais. Ao longo dos anos, notam-se sucessões de anos-padrão chuvosos/secos, caracterizando períodos marcadamente relacionados ao aumento/redução dos totais pluviométricos. Mensalmente, as chuvas também apresentam elevada variabilidade. Contudo, meses-padrão chuvosos e secos ocorreram em maior frequência, demonstrando que pode ocorrer intensificação nos processos de arenização. Isso ocorre quando um mês-padrão seco é sucedido por outro chuvoso, interferindo, sobretudo, na cobertura vegetal herbácea predominante sobre as formações superficiais e os solos no Pampa.Palavras-chave:   EXTREME RAINFALL EVENTS CLASSIFICATION ON AREA AFFECTED BY SANDIZATION PROCESSES IN  SOUTHWESTERN OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZILAbstract: Sand spots are remarkable features in the landscape of the southern Brazil grasslands. Although initially treated as deserts, the genesis of the sand deposits is due to the current humid climate, mainly from the action of torrential rains as a triggering element of the sandization processes. These processes are highly dynamic in the time and the space scales, so that the sand deposits presents expansion/retraction, depending substantially on the rainfall regime (excess, reduction or absence). In this sense, the objective of this paper is to present the importance of the classification of the standard-years/months as a basis for the recognition of extreme rainfall events on an area affected by sandization processes in the southwestern of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The results indicate that the standard-years classification are categorically associated of the increase in the number of rainy days, which induce the increase/reduction of annual totals. Over the years, there have been successions of rainy/dry standard-years, characterizing periods markedly related to the increase/reduction of total precipitation. Rainfall also presents high variability on a monthly basis. However, rainy and dry standard-months occurred more frequently, demonstrating that intensification may occur in the sandization processes. This occurs when a dry standard-month is followed by a rainy one, interfering mostly in the herbaceous vegetation on the surface formations and soils of grassland.Keywords: standard-years classification; standard-months classification; rainy days; rainfall variability.  CLASSIFICATION DES ÉVÉNEMENTS PLUVIOMÉTRIQUES EXTRÊMES DANS LA ZONE AFFECTÉE PAR LES PROCÉDÉS D’ARÉNISATION DANS LE SUD-OUEST DE RIO GRANDE DO SULRésumé: Les sables sont des caractéris humide actuel, principalement à cause de l’action des pluies torrentielles comme déclencheur des processus d’arénisation. Ces processus sont très dynamiques dans le temps et dans l’espace, de telle sorte que les sables présentent une expansion/rétraction, en fonction, considérablement, du régime pluviométrique (excès, réduction ou absence). En ce sens là, le but de cet article est de présenter l’importance de classer les années/mois standard comme une subvention pour la reconnaissance des événements pluviométriques extrêmes, dans une zone affectée par des processus d’arénisation, dans le sud-ouest de l’État de Rio Grande do Sul. les résultats indiquent que les années standard sont catégoriquement connecté à l’augmentation du nombre de jours de pluie, ce qui rendre possible une augmentation/réduction des totaux annuels.Au fil des ans, des successions d’années standard pluvieuses/sèches ont été notées, caractérisant des périodes nettement liées à l’augmentation/la diminution des totaux pluviométriques. Mensuellement, les précipitations présentent également une grande variabilité. Cependant, les mois pluvieux et secs standard se sont produits plus fréquemment, ce qui montre que l’intensification des processus d’arénisation peut se produire. Cela se produit lorsqu’un mois sec standard est suivi d’un autre mois pluvieux, interférant principalement dans la végétation herbacée prédominante sur les formations superficielles et les sols de la Pampa. tiques notables du paysage rural de la campagne du Rio Grande do Sul. Cepandant initialement traitée comme un désert, la genèse des sables est plutôt grâce au climatMots clés: Années-standard; mois-standard; jours avec de la pluie; variabilité des précipitations

2019 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Sanches ◽  
Roberto Verdum ◽  
Gilberto Fisch ◽  
Sidnei L. Bohn Gass ◽  
Vinícius M. Rocha

Author(s):  
Emanuele B. Manke ◽  
Claudia F. A. Teixeira-Gandra ◽  
Rita de C. F. Damé ◽  
André B. Nunes ◽  
Maria C. C. Chagas Neta ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Although several studies have evaluated the intensity-duration-frequency relationships of extreme rainfall events, these relationships under different seasonal conditions remain relatively unknown. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether the intensity-duration-frequency relationships obtained seasonally from the rainfall records in the winter and summer represent the maximum rainfall events for the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Pluviographic data from 1982 to 2015 were used to create two seasonal series: one for the summer from December 21 to March 20 and the other for the winter from June 21 to September 22. These seasonal relationships were compared with the annual pluviographic data. The intensity, duration, and frequency relationships obtained from the summer rain data adequately represented the maximum rainfall in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The maximum intensity values of rainfall obtained from the relationship of intensity, duration, and frequency for the winter did not adequately encapsulate the occurrence of rain with greater intensities.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-305
Author(s):  
Philip Mzava ◽  
Patrick Valimba ◽  
Joel Nobert

Abstract Urban communities in developing countries are one of the most vulnerable areas to extreme rainfall events. The availability of local information on extreme rainfall is therefore critical for proper planning and management of urban flooding impacts. This study examined the past and future characteristics of extreme rainfall in the urban catchments of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Investigation of trends and frequency of annual, seasonal and extreme rainfall was conducted, with the period 1967–2017 taken as the past scenario and 2018–2050 as the future scenario; using data from four key ground-based weather stations and RCM data respectively. Mann–Kendall trend analysis and Sen's slope estimator were used in studying changes in rainfall variability. Frequencies of extreme rainfall events were modeled using the Generalized Pareto model. Overall, the results of trend analysis provided evidence of a significant increase in annual and seasonal maximum rainfall and intensification of extreme rainfall in the future under the RCP4.5 CO2 concentration scenario. It was determined that extreme rainfall will become more frequent in the future, and their intensities were observed to increase approximately between 20 and 25% relative to the past. The findings of this study may help to develop adaptation strategies for urban flood control in Dar es Salaam.


Author(s):  
Yonas Tadesse Alemu

This study presents analysis of Rainfall variability and trends of extreme rainfall events in the Oda Gunufeta -Cherecha -Dechatu watershed, Awash Drainage Basin, Eastern Ethiopia. The study employed the coefficient of variation and the Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) as statistical descriptors of rainfall variability. The indices at the five stations were subjected to non-parametric Mann-Kendall test to detect the trend over the period between 1985 to 2014. The results of the study revealed that, the watershed experiences moderate inter-annual rainfall variability. The Belg rainfall shows high variability than Kiremt rainfall. Highest Belg & Kiremt rainfall variability is observed in Dire Dawa with coefficient of variation of 46% and 40% respectively. The annual PCI for the watershed in all the stations under investigation during the record periods showed that 100% of the years for which the annual PCI was estimated fell within the irregular precipitation distribution range or high precipitation concentration. The irregular precipitation distribution also extended to all the stations in short rainy season (Belg rainfall) and in two stations in the main rainy season (Kiremt season). With regard to the rainfall trend, the annual rainfall has showed a negative trend in most of the stations for the period 1985-2014. The Mann–Kendall trend test during the Kiremt season shows a positive trend in Dengego, Dire Dawa, Combolcha and Haramaya and the increasing tendency is significant at p<0.1 in Degego, p<0.05 in Dire Dawa, p <0.05 in Combolcha and p <0.01 in Haramaya. The heavy rainfall events, the 90th & 95th percentiles, in all the five stations showed an increasing pattern but except in Combolcha the trends are not statistically significant. This implies that the watershed has been under increased rainfall intensity and this in turn has the potential cause for high risk of flood occurrences.


2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 5655-5673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Manatsa ◽  
Swadhin K. Behera

Abstract Variability of the equatorial East Africa “short rains” (EASR) has intensified significantly since the turn of the twentieth century. This increase toward more extreme rainfall events has not been gradual but is strongly characterized by epochs. The rain gauge–based Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) monthly precipitation dataset for the period 1901–2009 is used to demonstrate that the epochal changes were dictated by shifts in the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. These shifts occurred during 1961 and 1997. In the pre-1961 period, there was virtually no significant linear link between the IOD and the EASR. But a relatively strong coupling between the two occurred abruptly in 1961 and was generally maintained at that level until 1997, when another sudden shift to even a greater level occurred. The first principal component (PC1) extracted from the EASR spatial domain initially merely explained about 50% of the rainfall variability before 1961, and then catapulted to about 73% for the period from 1961 to 1997, before eventually shifting to exceed 82% after 1997. The PC1 for each successive epoch also displayed loadings with notably improved spatial coherence. This systematic pattern of increase was accompanied by both a sharp increase in the frequency of rainfall extremes and spatial coherence of the rainfall events over the region. Therefore, it is most likely that the 1961 and 1997 IOD shifts are responsible for the epochal modulation of the EASR in both the spatial and temporal domain.


2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanúcia Schumacher ◽  
Mateus Da Silva Teixeira

ABSTRACT. The relationship between stability indices and extreme daily rainfall over state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is studied, as well as the main differences between extreme and ordinary rainfall events. A total...Keywords: rainfall forecasting, atmospheric instability, composites, correlation. RESUMO. A relação entre os índices de instabilidade e a chuva extrema sobre o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, é estudada neste trabalho, bem como as principais diferenças entre eventos comuns e extremos de chuva diária...Palavras-chave: previsão de chuva, instabilidade atmosférica, compostos, correlação.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
M Welly

Many people in Indonesia calculate design rainfall before calculating the design flooddischarge. The design rainfall with a certain return period will eventually be convertedinto a design flood discharge by combining it with the characteristics of the watershed.However, the lack of a network of rainfall recording stations makes many areas that arenot hydrologically measured (ungauged basin), so it is quite difficult to know thecharacteristics of rain in the area concerned. This study aims to analyze thecharacteristics of design rainfall in Lampung Province. The focus of the analysis is toinvestigate whether geographical factors influence the design rainfall that occurs in theparticular area. The data used in this study is daily rainfall data from 15 rainfallrecording stations spread in Lampung Province. The method of frequency analysis usedin this study is the Gumbel method. The research shows that the geographical location ofan area does not have significant effect on extreme rainfall events. The effect of risingearth temperatures due to natural exploitation by humans tends to be stronger as a causeof extreme events such as extreme rainfall.Keywords: Influence, geographical, factors, extreme, rainfall.


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