scholarly journals Monitoring Groundwater Quality using Probability Distribution in Gwale, Kano state, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Auwalu Ibrahim ◽  
Ahmad Abubakar Suleiman ◽  
Usman Aliyu Abdullahi ◽  
Suleiman Abubakar Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Groundwater Model ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Log Likelihood ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Groundwater is the water present beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and the fractures of rock formations. Establishing a probability distribution that provides a good fit to groundwater quality has recently become a topic of interest in the fields of hydrology, meteorology among others. In this paper, three groundwater datasets including calcium, magnesium, and chloride are fitted to the normal, lognormal, gamma, Weibull, logistic, and log-logistic distributions to select the best groundwater model. The measures of goodness of fits such as the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), and log-likelihood are computed to compare the fitted models. The results show that the gamma distribution gives better fits for calcium and magnesium datasets while the lognormal distribution provides a better fit for the chloride dataset than other competing models. This research describes an application of probability distributions and the best-fitted distribution to a practical problem involving groundwater data analysis. By assuming the distribution of data, analysts can utilize the characteristics of the distribution to make predictions on outcomes.

scholarly journals ASPECTOS ESPACIAIS DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO COM O FOCO NO DIMENSIONAMENTO DE SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO

Irriga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-801
Author(s):  
Jefferson Vieira Jose ◽  
Lucas da C. Santos ◽  
Daniel S. Alves ◽  
Pablo R. Nitsche ◽  
Marcos V. Folegatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Crop Water Consumption ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
E Mail

ASPECTOS ESPACIAIS DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO COM O FOCO NO DIMENSIONAMENTO DE SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO     JEFFERSON VIEIRA JOSÉ1; LUCAS DA COSTA SANTOS2; DANIEL SOARES ALVES3; PABLO RICARDO NITSCHE4; MARCOS VINICIUS FOLEGATTI5 E WAGNER WOLFF6   1Centro multidisciplinar, UFAC, Campus Floresta, Rua Estrada da Canela Fina, KM 12 Gleba Formoso - São Francisco, CEP: 69895-000, Cruzeiro do Sul – AC, Brasil, e-email: [email protected] 2Departamento de Agronomia, UFVJM, Campus JK - Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, nº5000 - Bairro Alto da Jacuba, CEP: 39100-000 – Diamantina – MG, Brasil,  e-email: [email protected] 3Departamento de Agrometeorologia. Instituição: Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR. Endereço: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km375, Bairro Ernani Moura Lima II, CEP: 86047-90, Londrina - PR, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected] 4Departamento de Agrometeorologia. Instituição: Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR. Endereço: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km375, Bairro Ernani Moura Lima II, CEP: 86047-90, Londrina - PR, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected] 5Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, USP, ESALQ, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Bairro Agronomia, CEP: 13418-900, Piracicaba – SP, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected] 6Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, USP, ESALQ, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Bairro: Agronomia, CEP: 13418-900, Piracicaba – SP, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]                                                                                               1 RESUMO   Aspectos espaciais do consumo hídrico das culturas, com o foco no dimensionamento de sistemas de irrigação, é imprescindível para a racionalização do uso da água. Este trabalho objetivou analisar a distribuição de frequência da evapotranspiração de referência acumulada (EToac) no estado do Paraná por meio da espacialização dos parâmetros da distribuição de probabilidade, visando o dimensionamento de sistemas de irrigação. Dados diários de elementos meteorológicos (temperatura máxima, mínima e média; umidade relativa média; radiação solar global; insolação; velocidade do vento), entre os anos de 1980 a 2010, de 33 estações meteorológicas no estado do Paraná, foram utilizados na estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) pelo método de Penman-Monteith. A ETo foi acumulada em períodos consecutivos de 5, 10, 20 e 30 dias e os seus valores máximos anuais foram avaliados e ajustados a nove distribuições de probabilidade (Log-normal, Weibull, Gamma, Cauchy, Normal, Logística, Birnbaum-Saunders, Gumbel e Gumbel-II). A distribuição de probabilidade de Gumbel II, verificada pelo Critério de Informação de Akaike, foi escolhida na geração de valores de EToac, nos diferentes níveis de probabilidade, por meio de mapas da distribuição dos parâmetros a e b para representar o estado do Paraná.   Keywords: Eventos extremos; geoestatística; Penman-Monteith; Paraná     JOSÉ, J. J.; SANTOS, L. C.; ALVES, S. S.; NITSCHE, P. R.; FOLEGATTI, M. V.; WOLFF, W. SPATIAL ASPECTS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION WITH FOCUS ON THE DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS     2 ABSTRACT   Spatial aspects of crop water consumption with focus on the design of irrigation systems is essential for rationalization of water use. This work aimed to analyze the frequency distribution of cumulative reference evapotranspiration (EToac) in the State of Paraná by means of spatialization of parameters of the probability distribution, aiming at the design of irrigation systems. Daily data of meteorological elements (maximum, minimum and average temperature, mean relative humidity, global solar radiation, insolation and wind speed) between the years of 1980 and 2010 of 33 meteorological stations in the State of Paraná were used to estimate evapotranspiration of (ETo) by the Penman-Monteith method. The ETo was accumulated in consecutive periods of 5, 10, 20 and 30 days and its annual maximum values were evaluated and adjusted to nine probability distributions (Log-normal, Weibull, Gamma, Cauchy, Normal, Logistics, Birnbaum-Saunders, Gumbel and Gumbel-II), the probability distribution of Gumbel II, verified by the Akaike Information Criterion, was chosen in the generation of EToac values, at the different levels of probability, by means of maps of distribution of the parameters a and b  to represent the State of Paraná.   Keywords: Extreme events, Gumbel, Geostatistics, Penman-Monteith, Parana

scholarly journals The characteristics of probability distribution of groundwater model output based on sensitivity analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiankui Zeng ◽  
Jichun Wu ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Xiaobin Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Stepwise Regression ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Groundwater Model ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Classification Tree Analysis ◽  
Entropy Analysis ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Mutual Entropy

The probability distribution of groundwater model output is the direct product of modeling uncertainty. In this work, we aim to analyze the probability distribution of groundwater model outputs (groundwater level series and budget terms) based on sensitivity analysis. In addition, two sources of uncertainties are considered in this study: (1) the probability distribution of model's input parameters; (2) the spatial position of observation point. Based on a synthetical groundwater model, the probability distributions of model outputs are identified by frequency analysis. The sensitivity of output's distribution is analyzed by stepwise regression analysis, mutual entropy analysis, and classification tree analysis methods. Moreover, the key uncertainty variables influencing the mean, variance, and the category of probability distributions of groundwater outputs are identified and compared. Results show that mutual entropy analysis is more general for identifying multiple influencing factors which have a similar correlation structure with output variable than a stepwise regression method. Classification tree analysis is an effective method for analyzing the key driving factors in a classification output system.

SERUM BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN KETOTIC BUFFALOES ( BUBALUS BUBALIS)

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Usha Choudhary ◽  
Meenaxi Sareen ◽  
Anil Moolchandani
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Serum Phosphorus ◽  
Serum Minerals ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The present study was carried out to evaluate the variations in serum minerals ( viz. calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) and transaminases in ketotic buffaloes. Results of blood analysis revealed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum phosphorus in ketotic buffaloes whereas nonsignificant (P>0.05) difference occur in serum calcium and magnesium in ketotic buffaloes as compared to control. At the same time significant increase in transaminases GPT, GOT and GGT have been observed .

scholarly journals Evaluating the groundwater quality of Damodar Fan Delta (India) using fuzzy-AHP MCDM technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadik Mahammad ◽  
Aznarul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Fan Delta ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Groundwater Quantity

AbstractIn recent years, groundwater pollution has become increasingly a serious environmental problem throughout the world due to increasing dependency on it for various purposes. The Damodar Fan Delta is one of the agriculture-dominated areas in West Bengal especially for rice cultivation and it has a serious constraint regarding groundwater quantity and quality. The present study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality parameters and spatial variation of groundwater quality index (GWQI) for 2019 using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) method. The 12 water quality parameters such as pH, TDS, iron (Fe−) and fluoride (F−), major anions (SO42−, Cl−, NO3−, and HCO3−), and cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+) for the 29 sample wells of the study area were used for constructing the GWQI. This study used the FAHP method to define the weights of the different parameters for the GWQI. The results reveal that the bicarbonate content of 51% of sample wells exceeds the acceptable limit of drinking water, which is maximum in the study area. Furthermore, higher concentrations of TDS, pH, fluoride, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and sodium are found in few locations while nitrate and sulfate contents of all sample wells fall under the acceptable limits. The result shows that 13.79% of the samples are excellent, 68.97% of the samples are very good, 13.79% of the samples are poor, and 3.45% of the samples are very poor for drinking purposes. Moreover, it is observed that very poor quality water samples are located in the eastern part and the poor water wells are located in the northwestern and eastern part while excellent water quality wells are located in the western and central part of the study area. The understanding of the groundwater quality can help the policymakers for the proper management of water resources in the study area.

The Nutritive Value of Marine Products: XIII. Mineral Constituents of the Flesh, Skin, Bone and Free Liquor in Canned British Columbia Coho (Blueback) Salmon

1936 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-475
Author(s):  
W. A. Riddell
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calcium Orthophosphate ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Mineral Constituents

Determinations of the Ca, Mg, Na, K, P and Cl content were made and the ratios of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus oxides suggest the presence of calcium and magnesium metaphosphates in the ash of the flesh, calcium metaphosphate in that from the skin and tribasic calcium orthophosphate in that from the bone.

WIGNER FUNCTION OF PULSED FIELDS RECONSTRUCTED BY DIRECT DETECTION

2011 ◽  
Vol 09 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
ALESSIA ALLEVI ◽  
MARIA BONDANI ◽  
ALESSANDRA ANDREONI
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Wigner Function ◽  
Beam Splitter ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Linear Regime ◽  
Wigner Functions ◽  
Intensity Measurements ◽  
Pulsed Fields

We present the experimental reconstruction of the Wigner function of some optical states. The method is based on direct intensity measurements by non-ideal photodetectors operated in the linear regime. The signal state is mixed at a beam-splitter with a set of coherent probes of known complex amplitudes and the probability distribution of the detected photons is measured. The Wigner function is given by a suitable sum of these probability distributions measured for different values of the probe. For comparison, the same data are analyzed to obtain the number distributions and the Wigner functions for photons.

Analysis of Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in the Damanganga Basin: Western India

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Vitthal Anwat ◽  
Pramodkumar Hire ◽  
Uttam Pawar ◽  
Rajendra Gunjal
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Flood Frequency Analysis ◽  
Western India ◽  
Type I ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Pearson Type ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Anderson Darling

Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) method was introduced by Fuller in 1914 to understand the magnitude and frequency of floods. The present study is carried out using the two most widely accepted probability distributions for FFA in the world namely, Gumbel Extreme Value type I (GEVI) and Log Pearson type III (LP-III). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Anderson-Darling (AD) methods were used to select the most suitable probability distribution at sites in the Damanganga Basin. Moreover, discharges were estimated for various return periods using GEVI and LP-III. The recurrence interval of the largest peak flood on record (Qmax) is 107 years (at Nanipalsan) and 146 years (at Ozarkhed) as per LP-III. Flood Frequency Curves (FFC) specifies that LP-III is the best-fitted probability distribution for FFA of the Damanganga Basin. Therefore, estimated discharges and return periods by LP-III probability distribution are more reliable and can be used for designing hydraulic structures.

Analysis and Synthesis of Mechanical Error in Universal Joints

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cagney ◽  
S. S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Real World ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Universal Joint ◽  
Accuracy Requirement ◽  
Output Error ◽  
Manufacturing Errors ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Limiting Value

Abstract The modeling of manufacturing errors in mechanisms is a significant task to validate practical designs. The use of probability distributions for errors can simulate manufacturing variations and real world operations. This paper presents the mechanical error analysis of universal joint drivelines. Each error is simulated using a probability distribution, i.e., a design of the mechanism is created by assigning random values to the errors. Each design is then evaluated by comparing the output error with a limiting value and the reliability of the universal joint is estimated. For this, the design is considered a failure whenever the output error exceeds the specified limit. In addition, the problem of synthesis, which involves the allocation of tolerances (errors) for minimum manufacturing cost without violating a specified accuracy requirement of the output, is also considered. Three probability distributions — normal, Weibull and beta distributions — were used to simulate the random values of the errors. The similarity of the results given by the three distributions suggests that the use of normal distribution would be acceptable for modeling the tolerances in most cases.

Field-theoretic density estimation for biological sequence space with applications to 5′ splice site diversity and aneuploidy in cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2025782118
Author(s):  
Wei-Chia Chen ◽  
Juannan Zhou ◽  
Jason M. Sheltzer ◽  
Justin B. Kinney ◽  
David M. McCandlish
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Density Estimation ◽  
Sequence Space ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Biological Sequence ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Site Diversity

Density estimation in sequence space is a fundamental problem in machine learning that is also of great importance in computational biology. Due to the discrete nature and large dimensionality of sequence space, how best to estimate such probability distributions from a sample of observed sequences remains unclear. One common strategy for addressing this problem is to estimate the probability distribution using maximum entropy (i.e., calculating point estimates for some set of correlations based on the observed sequences and predicting the probability distribution that is as uniform as possible while still matching these point estimates). Building on recent advances in Bayesian field-theoretic density estimation, we present a generalization of this maximum entropy approach that provides greater expressivity in regions of sequence space where data are plentiful while still maintaining a conservative maximum entropy character in regions of sequence space where data are sparse or absent. In particular, we define a family of priors for probability distributions over sequence space with a single hyperparameter that controls the expected magnitude of higher-order correlations. This family of priors then results in a corresponding one-dimensional family of maximum a posteriori estimates that interpolate smoothly between the maximum entropy estimate and the observed sample frequencies. To demonstrate the power of this method, we use it to explore the high-dimensional geometry of the distribution of 5′ splice sites found in the human genome and to understand patterns of chromosomal abnormalities across human cancers.

scholarly journals Nutritional factors in milk from Brazilian mothers delivering small for gestational age neonates

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anete S. Grumach ◽  
Solange E.I. Jerônimo ◽  
Marcia Hage ◽  
Magda M.S. Carneiro-Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

The composition of breast milk from brazilian mothers delivering low birthweight infants and its adequacy as a source of nutrients for this group has not yet been fully elucidated. A total of 209 milk samples from 66 women were analysed. The mothers were divided into three groups: G1, mothers delivering term babies of low birthweight (TSGA, n=16); G2, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birthweight (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birthweight (TAGA, n=30). The following factors were analysed: osmolarity, total proteins and protein fractions, creamatocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Milk samples were collected 48 h and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after delivery. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of osmolarity, total proteins and fractions, creamatocrit, calcium, magnesium or potassium throughout the study period. Sodium levels were higher in all samples from mothers of TSGA infants and in samples from mothers of PTAGA infants on the 7th, 15th and 30th days than in milk from the TAGA group. The authors consider the needs of the low birthweight and TAGA infants and that these high sodium levels may be necessary for growth of low birthweight infants.

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