scholarly journals Ectopic Pregnancy in Two Cats

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Jia-San Zheng ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Jia-Ren Zhang ◽  
Shuang Qiu ◽  
Ren-Yue Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Tubal Pregnancy ◽  
Abdominal Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Gestational Sac ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies

Background: Ectopic pregnancy mainly refers to tubal pregnancy and abdominal pregnancy. Tubal pregnancy presents as an implanted embryo that develops in the fallopian tubes, and is relatively common in humans. In animals, tubal pregnancy occurs primarily in primates, for example monkeys. The probability of a tubal pregnancy in non-primate animals is extremely low. Abdominal pregnancy is a type of ectopic pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterus, fallopian tube, ovary, and ligament(broad ligament, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament).This paper describes two cases of ectopic pregnancy in cats.Cases: Cat 1. The presenting sign was a significant increase in abdominal circumference. The age and immune and sterilization status of the cat were unknown. On palpation, a 4 cm, rough, oval-shaped, hard mass was found in the posterior abdomen. Radiographic examination showed three high-density images in the posterior abdomen. The fetus was significantlycalcified and some feces was evident in the colon. The condition was preliminarily diagnosed as ectopic pregnancy. Cat 2. The owner of a 2-year-old British shorthair cat visited us because of a hard lump in the cat’s abdomen. The cat had a normal diet and was drinking normally. Routine immunization and insect repulsion had been implemented. The cat had naturally delivered five healthy kittens two months previous. Radiographs showed an oval-shaped mass with a clear edge in the middle abdominal cavity. Other examinations were normal. The case was preliminarily diagnosed as ectopic pregnancy, and the pregnancy was surgically terminated. The ectopic pregnancies were surgically terminated. During surgery, the structures of the uterus and ovary of cat 1 were found to be intact and the organs were in a normal physiological position.Cat 1 was diagnosed with primary abdominal pregnancy. In cat 2, the uterus left side was small and the fallopian tube on the same side was both enlarged and longer than normal. Immature fetuses were found in the gestational sac. Thus, cat 2 was diagnosed with tubal ectopic pregnancy based on the presenting pathology.Discussion: Cats with ectopic pregnancies generally show no obvious clinical symptoms. The ectopic fetus can remain within the body for several months or even years. Occasionally, necrotic ectopic tissues or mechanical stimulation of the ectopic fetus can lead to a systemic inflammatory response, loss of appetite, and apathy. The two cats in our reportshowed no significant clinical symptoms. To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports of the development of an ectopic fetus to maturity, within the abdominal cavity of felines, because the placenta of cats cannot support the growth and development of the fetus outside of the uterus. Secondary abdominal ectopic pregnancy, lacking any signs of uterine rupture is likely associated with the strong regenerative ability of uterine muscles. A damaged uterus or fallopian tube can quickly recover and rarely leaves scar tissue. In the present report, cat 1 showed no apparent scar tissue, nor signs of a ruptured ovary or fallopian tubes. It was diagnosed with primary ectopic abdominal pregnancy, which could arise from the descent of the fertilized egg from the fallopian tube into the abdominal cavity. There was an abnormal protrusion in left of the fallopian tubes in cat 2, to which the gestational sac was directly connected. Based on pathological examination of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and gestational sac, the cat was diagnosed with a tubal pregnancy. Placental tissues and signs of fetal calcification were observed in both the fallopian tube and gestational sac.Keywords: tubal pregnancy, abdominal pregnancy, feline, ectopic fetus, fallopian tube, gestational sac.

scholarly journals Conservative treatment of ectopic pregnancies: Comparison of velocity of decrease of beta-hcg between spontaneous and methotrexate induced resorptions

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 163-166
Author(s):  
Milan Dokic ◽  
Dusan Perisic
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Tubal Pregnancy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Third ◽  
Beta Hcg ◽  
Gestational Sac ◽  
Methotrexate Treatment ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies

The evolution of the process can take two different directions. If an intact pregnancy continues to grow, there is a tubal abortion or a rupture of the Fallopian tube. In the oppsote case, there is spontaneous resorption of the tubal pregnancy. In certain cases with the application of methotrexate, the ectopic pregnancy growth can be interrupted and spontaneous resorption can be induced. Nowadays, the international standards of treating patients with early ectopic gravidities and no peritoneal effusions, with ?-HCG values below 6000 Ul/I, gestational sac diameter below 3 cm, and without any visible heart action, imply methotrexate treatment. The objective of this study is to prove the efficiency of methotrexate use in patients who meet the above criteria. The first group did not manifest satisfying decrease of ?-HCG after two measurements, so methotrexate was used, while the second group showed satisfying decrease of ?-HCG, measured on the third day. Comparing the velocity of decrease of ?-HCG level among both groups of patients, it was proved that iatrogenically induced decrease, that is to say the achieved resorption, was equal to the spontaneous resorption, which justified the use of methotrexate in ectopic pregnancy treatment.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Clinical Efficacy of Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy in the Treatment of Tubal-Factor Infertility

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Nian ◽  
De-Hong Yang ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Han Zhao ◽  
Cai-Fen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Tubal Factor Infertility ◽  
Tubal Factor ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
The Impact

Objective: This study aims to investigate the clinical efficacy of laparoscopy and hysteroscopy in the treatment of tubal-factor infertility (TFI) to provide a basis for predicting postoperative pregnancy rates.Methods: The clinical data of 336 patients who underwent laparoscopy and hysteroscopy for TFI between February 2018 and December 2018 in the Department of Reproductive Gynecology at the First People's Hospital of Yunnan were retrospectively analyzed. After implementing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 278 patients were included in the study. The patients were grouped according to pelvic adhesions, hydrosalpinx, twisted fallopian tubes, and fimbriae structure. The impact of the extent of fallopian tube diseases on postoperative pregnancy outcomes was analyzed.Results: Of the 278 patients, 129 got pregnant (pregnancy rate = 46.4%). Pelvic adhesions, hydrosalpinx, twisted/folded fallopian tubes, and damage to the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes were found to affect the natural pregnancy rate after surgery, and it decreased significantly with the aggravation of the disease (P < 0.001). Of the 129 patients who had natural pregnancies, 29 had ectopic pregnancies (ectopic pregnancy rate = 22.48%). Twisted/folded fallopian tubes and damage to the fimbriae structure significantly increased the incidence of postoperative ectopic pregnancy (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are effective treatments for TFI. Pelvic adhesions, twisted/folded fallopian tubes, hydrosalpinx, and damage to the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes can affect postoperative pregnancy outcomes and lead to failure of a natural pregnancy after the operation. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy increases with the degree of fallopian tube twisting/folding and the degree of damage to the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes.

scholarly journals Structural Changes in the Fallopian Tubes in Patients With Ectopic Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-605
Author(s):  
G. P. Titova ◽  
M. M. Damirov ◽  
I. V. Anchabadze ◽  
A. A. Medvedev
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tube Wall ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Tubal Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Surgical Interventions

Relevance.Ectopic (extrauterine) pregnancy (EP) occupies a leading place in the structure of urgent gynecological morbidity. This pathology poses a threat to the health and life of a woman, being one of the leading causes of maternal mortality during pregnancy during the first trimester. Among emergency gynecological operations, surgical interventions for EP make up about 50%, and in recent years, most operations have been performed by the laparoscopic method. However, up to now, the pathomorphological changes in the fallopian tubes in patients with EP remain poorly understood.Purpose of the study. To study the features of pathomorphological changes in the fallopian tubes in women with tubal pregnancy, operated on by the laparoscopic method, to substantiate the volume of surgery in patients with this pathology.Material and methods. Morphological examination was performed in 100 women operated on for tubal pregnancy using the laparoscopic method. A comprehensive morphological study of the fallopian tubes removed during the operation was carried out.Results and discussion. The implantation of the ovum in the fallopian tube led to significant changes in its macro- and microstructure, which were caused by the invasion of chorionic villi and involved all layers of the tube wall, differing only in the depth of penetration and prevalence. The anatomical features of the structure of the fallopian tubes contributed to the deep invasion of the ovum into the myosalpinx and subserous parts of the tube, creating the possibility of wall rupture in this area.Conclusions. 1. In all cases of ectopic pregnancy, implantation of the ovum was accompanied by invasion of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, and it involved all layers of the tube wall, differing only in depth and prevalence. The invasive properties of the cytotrophoblast lead to the development of pronounced degenerative changes in the tube wall, which leads to functional inferiority of the tube after the onset of tubal pregnancy in it.2. The chronic productive endomyosalpingitis diagnosed in most patients with ectopic pregnancy with deformation of the tube lumen against the background of changes in the tube wall caused by cytotrophoblastic invasion is an indication for tubectomy. Performing organ-preserving operations on an anatomically and functionally altered fallopian tube is impractical, since it is a high risk factor for recurrent tubal pregnancy in this tube.

scholarly journals Abdominal ectopic pregnancy complicated with a large bowel injury: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Fessehaye ◽  
Biruck Gashawbeza ◽  
Mekdes Daba ◽  
Muhudin Arusi ◽  
Tsega Terefe
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Bowel Injury ◽  
General Surgeon ◽  
Abdominal Pregnancy ◽  
Trimester Abortion ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Second Trimester Abortion ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Delays In Diagnosis

Abstract Background Abdominal pregnancy accounts for 0.6 to 4% of all ectopic pregnancies. Due to delays in diagnosis and difficulties in the management of abdominal pregnancy, the risk of mortality is significantly higher than for uncomplicated ectopic pregnancies. Case summary A 23 years-old gravida-II, ectopic-I Ethiopian woman was initially managed as a case of missed second trimester abortion. Later on, abdominal ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed with ultrasound and she underwent a laparotomy. Though fetus and placenta was removed successfully without significant hemorrhage, there was inadvertent sigmoid colon injury. Conclusion In the management of abdominal ectopic pregnancy, the possibility of bowel injury during entry to the abdominal cavity at laparotomy should always be considered and an experienced general surgeon should always be in attendance before opening the abdomen, to prevent it from happening.

scholarly journals A Case of Fallopian Tube Adenofibroma: Difficulties Associated with Differentiation from Ectopic Pregnancy

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. CCRep.S18859
Author(s):  
Akimune Fukushima ◽  
Tadahiro Shoji ◽  
Shino Tanaka ◽  
Toru Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cystic Tumor ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Intrauterine Pregnancy ◽  
Macroscopic Findings ◽  
Gestational Sac ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Left Fallopian Tube

Benign solid tumors of the fallopian tubes are extremely rare and often difficult to differentiate from tumors associated with adjacent organs or from various inflammatory diseases. Here, we present a patient who was diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy, based on preoperative tests and intraoperative macroscopic findings, but was later diagnosed with a fallopian tube adenofibroma, based on histopathological evidence, and intrauterine pregnancy. Although initial pregnancy test results were positive, no gestational sac (GS) was seen in the uterus and the patient was diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy and underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery. A 20-mm, fetus-like solid mass was noted inside the GS-like cystic tumor of the left fallopian tube. From histopathological findings, the lesion was identified as a serous fallopian tube adenofibroma. The baby was born healthy with no problems. This case report suggests that fallopian tube adenofibroma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of suspected ectopic pregnancies.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic Excision of Coexisting Left Tubal and Right Pseudotubal Pregnancy after Conservative Management of Previous Ectopic Pregnancy with Methotrexate: An Unusual Clinical Entity

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Panayotis Xiromeritis ◽  
Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou ◽  
Dimosthenis Miliaras ◽  
Ioannis Kalogiannidis
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Tubal Pregnancy ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Tubal Patency ◽  
Laparoscopic Excision ◽  
Future Pregnancy ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Left Fallopian Tube ◽  
The Right

Tubal pregnancy concerns 97% of all ectopic pregnancies. Treatment can be either surgical (salpingostomy or salpingectomy) or medical (methotrexate administration). We present a case of a pseudotubal pregnancy after methotrexate treatment of a previous ectopic pregnancy. A37-year-old woman was diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy in the left Fallopian tube. A year ago, she had an ectopic pregnancy in the right tube, which was successfully treated with intramuscular methotrexate. During laparoscopy, two tubal masses were revealed, one in each Fallopian tube, and bilateral salpingectomy was performed. Histological analysis confirmed tubal pregnancy in the left Fallopian tube and presence of endosalpingitis in the right tube with no signs of chorionic villi. The optimal management of such cases has not yet been clarified. However, evaluation of tubal patency after a medically treated ectopic pregnancy would permit proper counsel of the patient on her fertility options, in order to choose the appropriate method of conception to achieve and accomplish a future pregnancy.

scholarly journals Lithopedion Causing Intestinal Obstruction in a 71-Year-Old Woman: A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 129-132
Author(s):  
Francisco de Oliveira ◽  
Sandra Santos ◽  
Bruno Duarte ◽  
Alexandre Sisnando
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Obstruction ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Abdominal Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies

AbstractEctopic pregnancy is the leading cause of pregnancy-related death during the first trimester, and it occurs in 1 to 2% of pregnancies. Over 90% of ectopic pregnancies are located in the fallopian tube. Abdominal pregnancy refers to an ectopic pregnancy that has implanted in the peritoneal cavity, external to the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. The estimated incidence is 1 per 10,000 births and 1.4% of ectopic pregnancies. Lithopedion is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy, and it occurs when the fetus from an unrecognized abdominal pregnancy may die and calcify. The resulting “stone baby” may not be detected for decades and may cause a variety of complications. Lithopedion is a very rare event that occurs in 0.0054% of all gestations. About 1.5 to 1.8% of the abdominal babies develop into lithopedion. There are only ∼ 330 known cases of lithopedion in the world. We describe a lithopedion that complicated as intestinal obstruction in a 71-year-old woman.

scholarly journals A Case of Successful Laparoscopic Surgery for Tubal Stump Pregnancy after Tubectomy

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. CCRep.S20907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu Nishida ◽  
Yuko Miyamoto ◽  
Yasushi Kawano ◽  
Kanetoshi Takebayashi ◽  
Hisashi Narahara
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Surgery ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Japanese Woman ◽  
Positive Pregnancy Test ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Gestational Sac ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is approximately 1.3∼2% of all pregnancies, and more than 90% of ectopic pregnancies are detected in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancy occurring in tubal stump after tubectomy is extremely rare, and the frequency of tubal stump pregnancy is approximately 0.4% of all pregnancies. We report one of these rare cases of ectopic pregnancy in a 26-year-old Japanese woman, gravida 4, parity 1. She had undergone laparoscopic tubectomy because of a tubal pregnancy two years ago. She was presented to our hospital with a positive pregnancy test, but no gestational sac was detected in the uterus by echography, even though the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood was elevated to 8,900 mIU/mL. Laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancy was performed. During surgery, the position of the pregnancy was found to be in the tubal stump, where tubectomy had already been performed, and the gestational sac was successfully removed. After the surgery, the condition of the patient uneventfully improved and she was discharged from the hospital three days after the surgery. The diagnosis of tubal stump pregnancy is more difficult than that of the more common positions of an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube, and so it is more important to carefully examine the patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy. Laparoscopic surgery is one of the options for tubal stump pregnancy if diagnosed early and if the condition of the patient is stable.

scholarly journals Radiological method in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy

1981 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 70-70
Author(s):  
E. M. Shitova ◽  
T. A. Mironova ◽  
A. A. Lozovoy
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Tubal Pregnancy ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Abdominal Pregnancy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Group 1

An radiology examination of 59 women with ectopic pregnancies was carried out. 44 of them (group 1) had a tubal pregnancy in the ampulla, 8 (group 2) had a non-developing pregnancy in the accessory horn of the uterus (pregnancy duration from 12 to 20 weeks) and 7 (group 3) Abdominal pregnancy (in 6 secondary at 16 to 24 weeks and in 1 primary with a full-term dead fetus in the subhepatic region). The diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy was confirmed by X-ray examination using fractional cervicohysterosalpingography. Iodolipol, urotrast, and verografin were used as contrast agents.

scholarly journals A Ruptured Spontaneous Heterotopic Tubal Pregnancy With a Viable Intrauterine Pregnancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancy ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tubal Pregnancy ◽  
Intrauterine Pregnancy ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies

An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy located outside of the intrauterine cavity.They comprise 1-2% of all first trimester pregnancies and 6% of pregnancy related deaths in the United States [1]. Ectopic pregnancies most commonly occur in the fallopian tube but can also implant in other locations, including the ovaries, peritoneal cavity, cesarean section scars and the cervix [2].

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