scholarly journals Investigations of Pathological Immunohistochemical and Immunocytochemical Findings in Natural Infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Laying Hens

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgür Özdemir ◽  
Orhan Yavuz ◽  
Hüdaverdi Erer ◽  
Zafer Sayın
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Vascular Walls ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Causative Agents

Background: Mycoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), usually seen in the respiratory system of chickens, chick and turkeys, that causing great economic loss. The disease is characterized by respiratory system lesions such as sinusitis, tracheitis, airsacculitis, pneumonia and other symptoms such as loss of yield, arthritis, tenosynovitis.  In this study, it was aimed to investigate diagnose of the disease by pathologic and molecular techniques in hens that naturally infected with MG as well as the usability of immunocytochemical (ICC) method in diagnose of the disease.Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, 98 hens were collected from 10 different coops that serologically positive. After necropsy, routine pathological procedures were performed to samples taken from nose, sinus, larynx, trachea, lung and air sacs. Scraping samples taken from lungs and tracheas were evaluated by ICC. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to samples taken from nose, sinus, larynx, trachea, lung and air sacs. Indirect immunoperoxidase method was applied in the both IHC and ICC staining.  Rabbit polyclonal anti MG antibody was used as primer antibody in the IHC and ICC staining. Additionally, culture and PCR techniques were applied to tracheas of all hens for MG. The GPO3 and MGSO genes were made for PCR analysis.In the tracheal examinations, 23 cases were positive for PCR, 17 cases ICC positive, 16 cases IHC positive and 10 culture samples found positive. All of culture positive cases were also positive for other three methods. When findings in all organs were evaluated, in 37 cases were detected positive by IHC (38%) and 23 cases were positive by ICC (23.5%). In the IHC positive cases, the first order was trachea in 16 cases followed by in 11 cases in sinus, in 8 cases in lung, in 6 cases air sac and 4 cases in nose, respectively. In 8 cases, IHC positivity was found in at least two organs. IHC positivity was detected in the nose, sinus and tracheal epithelia as well as in the macrophages within subepithelial lymphoid infiltration, vascular walls and endothelium. As the disease became chronic, it was found that the agents were seen more in the lymphoid tissue than the epithelium. In ICC staining positivity was found in 17 cases in the trachea and 11 cases in the lung. There were only 5 cases positive by ICC in both organs.Discussion: Clinical and pathological findings as well as serological, microbiological, molecular techniques and immunohistochemical methods are to be important methods in the diagnosis of the disease. While the culture results are shown as the gold standard in diagnosis of the disease, it is possible to obtain the results in the earliest 7-10 days in cultures and at least 20 days must be passed in order to say a cultural negative. In addition, in the field studies, it mentioned the use of vaccines, antibiotics and protective drugs affected the results of microbiology and serology; the importance of using techniques such as IHC and PCR for the diagnosis of the causative agents. The results of the present study indicate that the most important organ in the diagnosis of the disease is the trachea, and the most effective method is PCR followed by IHC and ICC methods. It was concluded that the results of ICC staining close to IHC staining, and ICC could be used for diagnostic purposes in positive reactions obtained from the tracheas or the other organs.

The Movement of Gas in the Respiratory System of the Duck

1972 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. BRETZ ◽  
KNUT SCHMIDT-NIELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Expiratory Phase ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Inspiratory Phase ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
Ventilation Rates ◽  
Residual Air

1. A single inhalation of marker gas (argon) was administered to unanaesthetized ducks. Pargon was continuously monitored in the interclavicular, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs with a mass spectrometer during the marked inspiration and subsequent respiratory cycles. 2. The sequence of arrival times of the inspired marker at the various sampling sites was determined; ventilation rates of the different air sacs were compared by examining the rate of decrease of Par during washout of each sac. 3. The experimental results agree with previously proposed patterns of air flow in the duck respiratory system. 4. It is proposed that the movement of gas in the respiratory system of birds is a two-cycle event. During the inspiratory phase of the first cycle, inhaled air is drawn into the posterior air sacs; during the expiratory phase of the first cycle, this air (having mixed with the residual air in the posterior air sacs) is pumped into the secondary and tertiary bronchi of the lung; during the inspiratory phase of the second cycle this air in the lung passage-ways is drawn into the anterior air sacs; and finally, during the expiratory phase of the second cycle, this air is exhaled from the anterior air sacs and the respiratory system.

scholarly journals Bone histological correlates for air sacs and their implications for understanding the origin of the dinosaurian respiratory system

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20170514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Lambertz ◽  
Filippo Bertozzo ◽  
P. Martin Sander
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Bone Histology ◽  
Evolutionary Novelty ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Identification Tool

Air sacs are an important component of the avian respiratory system, and corresponding structures also were crucial for the evolution of sauropod dinosaur gigantism. Inferring the presence of air sacs in fossils so far is restricted to bones preserving internal pneumatic cavities and foramina as osteological correlates. We here present bone histological correlates for air sacs as a new potential identification tool for these elements of the respiratory system. The analysis of several avian and non-avian dinosaur samples revealed delicate fibres in secondary trabecular and secondary endosteal bone that in the former case (birds) is known or in the latter (non-avian dinosaurs) assumed to have been in contact with air sacs, respectively. The bone histology of this ‘pneumosteal tissue’ is markedly different from those regions where muscles attached presenting classical Sharpey's fibres. The pneumatized bones of several non-dinosaurian taxa do not exhibit the characteristics of this ‘pneumosteum’. Our new histology-based approach thus can be instrumental in reconstructing the origin of air sacs among dinosaurs and hence for our understanding of this remarkable evolutionary novelty of the respiratory system.

Investigation of flagellates in sandfly guts by microscopic observation

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Leishmania Species ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Laboratory Maintenance

Abstract Background The identification of natural Leishmania infection, observing the location of flagellates in the gut and development stages of promastigotes, helps to incriminate a certain species as vector and to assess the infection risk in host populations, thus contributing with leishmaniasis surveillance. Objectives To document with photos, videos and description of the dissection process of sandfly females for observation in their digestive tract of Leishmania infections of Leishmania and Viannia subgenera (suprapillary and peripillary distribution, respectively), to produce a manual to assist in leishmaniasis surveillance actions. Methods For the documentation of suprapillary infection, Lutzomyia longipalpis females fed on hamsters infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum and for peripillary infection, Pintomyia fischeri and Nyssomyia neivai fed on hamsters infected with L (V.) braziliensis were used. The dissection of the females was performed at intervals of 12 hours after infectious repast, until completing 120 hours, to observe the different phases of the parasite's evolutionary cycle in the gut. Results A manual was produced with description and photos of the entire process, from field sandfly collection, transportation, laboratory maintenance and dissection, as well as the complete cycle of the parasite's evolution inside the vector. Videos were also produce. Conclusions This project sought to contribute with the leishmaniasis surveillance as regards the sandfly natural infection investigation by Leishmania to assess the transmission risk of parasites. Although the identification of the Leishmania species depends on molecular techniques, this initial screening may reduce its costs. Key messages This study enabled the elaboration of a support manual for technicians from the Entomology laboratory networks. This study enabled with information to identify infected sandflies and thus colaborate with the leishmaniasis epidemiological surveillance programs.

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Commercial Layer Chickens in Sylhet, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-620
Author(s):  
Md Shamsul Islam Basit ◽  
Mohammad Al Mamun ◽  
Md. Masudur Rahman ◽  
Monira Noor
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Dead Layer ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Cultural Isolation ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Layer Chickens

Mycoplasma gallisepticum induced poultry diseases are associated with a huge economic crisis and have a considerable impact on the poultry industry worldwide. The aim of the current study was to isolate and perform molecular detection of MG circulating pathogenic strain in the commercial layer farms in the Sylhet district of Bangladesh. The entire study was conducted from January 2018 to January 2019 at three Upazilas of Sylhet district in Bangladesh. A total of 50 dead layer chickens (indicating signs of respiratory distress before death) were collected randomly from 15 different layer farms. The tissue samples, such as air sacs, trachea, and lungs, were taken from suspected dead chickens. Both cultural and PCR-based techniques were applied to identify Mycoplasma from tissue samples. The conventional PCR technique was implemented to amplify 185 bp DNA fragments for the MG. Out of 50 samples, 36% (18/50) and 70% (35/50) of MG were identified by cultural method and PCR, respectively. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that PCR is an easier, more sensitive, and less time-consuming method for the early diagnosis of MG in chickens, compared to cultural isolation and hence can lower the economic burden to poultry farmers caused by this disease.

scholarly journals DNA Amplification Technique for Detection of Bovine Brucellosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Susan Maphilindawati Noor
Keyword(s):  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Cattle Diseases ◽  
Finger Printing ◽  
Amplification Technique ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Significant Economic Loss

Brucellosis is one of cattle diseases which causes a very significant economic loss and categorized as zoonotic disease. Early detection of Brucellosis in livestock is very important to prevent the spread of disease to livestock and humans. The success of Brucellosis control depends on rapid, sensitive and specific detection methods. The aim of this paper is to review several methods of Brucellosis detection in cattle. Currently, the detection of Brucellosis in Indonesia is using serological and isolation methods. The latter method is the gold standard of Brucellosis diagnosis, however, its sensitivity is low. Therefore, molecular techniques with DNA amplification have been developed and applied in many countries both in livestock and humans because they are more sensitive, specific and rapid in detecting Brucella sp in blood, milk and semen samples. Various DNA amplification methods for detection of Brucellosis that have been developed including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), finger printing and loop-mediated isothermal amplificatiom (LAMP). Both PCR and LAMP are more sensitive and specific in detecting Brucella sp than conventional techniques. PCR technique has advantages in detecting Brucella sp species to serotype and biovar levels. In addition, PCR reagents are cheaper and easier to obtain than LAMP eventhough, LAMP procedure is simpler and faster.

Babesiosis and malaria

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. E. G. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
Babesia Divergens ◽  
The World ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Human Babesiosis

Babesiosis and malaria are rare zoonoses that, with new developments in diagnosis and the application of molecular techniques, are becoming increasingly frequently recognised. Babesia species infect millions of cattle and unknown numbers of sheep, dogs, horses, and wildlife throughout the world but human infections are very uncommon. There are two distinct forms of human babesiosis. In Europe the causative agent is Babesia divergens, a natural parasite of cattle transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinis. B. divergens infections in humans are extremely rare and nearly all have been recorded from asplenic or otherwise immunocompromised patients. In the USA, human babesiosis is more common than in Europe, although still very rare, and is not restricted to immunocompromised individuals. The causative agents are Babesia microti and B. duncani, common parasites of rodents, transmitted by the tick Ixodes scapularis. In addition there have been sporadic reports of human babesiosis from other parts of the world but in most cases the species of Babesia involved has not been characterised. Malaria parasites and Babesia both inhabit red blood cells during part of their life cycles and these stages cause the diseases, malaria and babesiosis, which are similar in many respects. The facts that humans can occasionally acquire malaria and babesiosis from animals, that both parasites appear similar when seen in blood films and that both cause similar symptoms can cause problems in diagnosis and these rare infections are, therefore, of interest to clinicians and epidemiologists.

scholarly journals Aetiology of livestock fetal mortality in Mazandaran province, Iran

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Amouei ◽  
Mehdi Sharif ◽  
Shahabeddin Sarvi ◽  
Ramin Bagheri Nejad ◽  
Sargis A. Aghayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Mazandaran Province ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

In the farming industry, the productivity of livestock herds depends on the fertility efficiency of animals. The accurate diagnosis of a broad range of aetiological agents causing fetal death is often difficult. Our aim was to assess the prevalence rates ofToxoplasma gondii,Neospora caninum, andBrucellaspp. infections in ruminant abortion using bacteriological culture and molecular techniques in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Samples were collected from 70 aborted sheep, goat, and cattle fetuses between September 2014 and December 2015. Necropsy was performed on all the received samples, and brain tissue and abomasal content were obtained from the aborted fetuses. Protozoan infections were detected by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial agents using bacteriological examinations and PCR assay. Infectious pathogens were detected in 22 out of 70 (31.4%) examined fetuses. Moreover,T. gondii,N. caninum, andB. melitensiswere verified in 13 (18.6%), four (5.7%), and two (2.85%) samples, respectively. Our results showed that infection with the mentioned pathogenic agents may lead to fetal mortality, which can be a major cause of economic loss. The listed pathogens could be considered important etiological agents of fetal loss in Mazandaran Province, for which appropriate control measures such as vaccination and biosecurity can be implemented to prevent infection and reduce reproductive loss in livestock farms.

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