scholarly journals PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA IN FRANCE:

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel I. Abdullin ◽  
Stanislav A. Shadrin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Use ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Common

The technological and social expansion of the personal data use including the possibility of their cross-border transfer and exchange increases the risks of their unfair use. The consistency and coherence in resolving issues on legal regulation of relations in the field of personal data protection are demonstrated by the European Union and its member states. Ensuring a uniform and consistent legal regulation at the level of the European Union largely depends on the actions of EU Member States to adopt national laws to implement the European approach, as well as their active participation in the development of new legal acts, the adoption of which is planned at the final stage of the legal regulation reform of protection personal data in the Union. This raises the question of how much the rules of individual states diverge since this significantly affects the practice of applying the common European law on the protection of personal data. Indeed, when introducing the relevant provisions in their legislation, EU countries went in different ways [1]. This paper discusses the approach to the protection of personal data that was used in France

scholarly journals Polish Education After the EU Accession

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Suwiński
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Education System ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The aim of the paper is to present changes undergone by the Polish education system after the accession to the European Union. In the article the changes are collated together with the main and distinctive trends which had existed in Europe before the accession and the ones that were introduced subsequently. The article shows that the tendency to unify the member states’ education systems is non-existent in the European Union. It also points out that the importance attached to education by the EU member states has not been as considerable as the importance given to economy. The paper is divided into two main parts. The main objective of the first part is to describe the decision-making process in the member states (as far as the common education policy is concerned) and its result, which was the report stating that education was considered to be a peculiar area of social politics and as such required separate arrangements and decisions. Therefore, there are neither specific procedures nor integration requirements for the associated and associating countries. However, as far as Poland is concerned, during the accession process the country was obliged to meet the expected standards, in particular the standards in the reform of the education structure and curriculum. The second part of the paper comprises the analysis of Polish activity in the following fields: –– lowering the age of the compulsory education commencement, –– reforming the structure of the education system and curriculum, –– practising teaching profession. The article further elaborates at length on the significant factor in the process of democratization of education, which is parents’ involvement in the functioning of a school.

scholarly journals On the Legal Consequences of Brexit (on the example of personal data protection)

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Mark Entin ◽  
◽  
Dmitriy Galushko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
National Regulation ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
Legal Consequences

The article explores the legal consequences of the UK's withdrawal from the European Union. The scope of personal data protection was taken as an example. The purpose of the article is to study and analyze the legal aspects of the termination of the UK's membership in the European Union, its impact on the cross-border transfer of personal data between the parties, as well as the development of legal regulation in this area. The article shows that, despite the signing of the Withdrawal Agreement, as well as the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, there is a complication of legal regulation, as well as the emergence of potential contradictions and threats to the interests of interested parties. The sphere of personal data protection clearly demonstrates that despite the desire for the sovereignization of legal regulation on the part of the UK, its legal system remains dependent on the legal order of the European Union. The UK's national regulation on personal data will be under constant monitoring by the competent EU authorities, which indirectly confirms the failure to achieve the goals of the full return of the UK's delegated sovereign powers. It is concluded that the EU Court of Justice still retains its jurisdiction over the United Kingdom, in particular, in connection with possibility to challenge decisions on adequacy, as well as through the adoption of its own practice on issues related to personal data protection.

State aid for employment and competitiveness of the European Union countries - a legal and finance approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr PODSIADLO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Competition Mechanism ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
New Jobs

Due to the imperfect functioning of labour markets in certain cases, State aid may be an appropriate instrument for creating new jobs and preserving existing ones. Legal regulation of the issue of State aid is an element of the competition mechanism protection, which was recognized in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107–109 of the TFEU, from the point of view of State aid for employment. Statistical analysis was carried out on State aid granted by EU Member States in the period 2001–2018 – from the perspective of its impact on competitiveness of these countries. This should lead to verify the thesis that the amount of State aid granted by EU Member States for employment should be positively correlated with the size of the GDP per capita of these countries.

scholarly journals Regulatory and Legal Enforcement of Cyber Security in Countries of the European Union: The Experience of Germany and France

Teisė ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Sviatoslav Kavyn ◽  
Ivan Bratsuk ◽  
Anatoliy Lytvynenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Information Security ◽  
National Security ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Vector System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

This article is devoted to the study of information security in the EU member states, in particular Germany and France, in the context of the analysis of their national legislation, state, national programs and regulations. Particular attention is paid to the study of the features of regulatory and legal security of information security of Germany and France in the context of the study of their national legislation in terms of economic security as an inherent component of national security. In the course of this study the peculiarities of the functioning of the institutional and legal mechanism of cyber defense in the context of the multi-vector system of international security and legal regulation of international cooperation are analyzed. The article substantiates the expediency of developing an integrated, coordinated information policy of the EU member states in order to unify approaches to information security.At the same time, the current realities of European Union policy require comprehensive research in the context of ensuring national interests, developing effective mechanisms for protecting the information space, and legal mechanisms for shaping the economic system as a strategic factor of national security. Accordingly, the approaches to information security adopted in the European Union are currently not unified due to the geopolitical specifics of the EU’s countries. Therefore, the research, evaluation, and implementation of the positive experience of Germany and France in this area, according to the authors, is important in building the information security system of the European Union in the context of reliable protection against cyber threats.

scholarly journals Los efectos patrimoniales de los matrimonios y de las uniones registradas en la Unión Europea = Property consequences of marriages and of registered partnerships in the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Andrés Rodríguez Benot
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Property Regimes

Resumen: Desde el 29 de enero de 2019 la mayoría de los países de la UE aplica los Reglamentos 2016/1103 y 2016/1104, de 24 de junio de 2016, sobre los aspectos de Derecho internacional privado de los regímenes matrimoniales y de los efectos patrimoniales de las uniones registradas, respectivamente. Se trata de dos textos extensos y complejos que ofrecen una regulación global o de conjunto de los as­pectos de esta materia en supuestos que impliquen repercusión transfronteriza.Palabras clave: Régimen económico matrimonial,e Efectos patrimoniales de las uniones registra­das. Reglamentos de la UE 2016/1103 y 2016/1104.Abstract: Since 29th January 2019 most of EU Member States apply Regulations 2016/1103 and 2016/1104 concerning Private International Law in matters of matrimonial property regimes and in mat­ters of the property consequences of registered partnerships, respectively. Both are long and complex texts that govern comprehensively all issues of those matters having cross-border implications.Keywords: Matrimonial property regimes. Property consequences of registered partnerships. EU Regulations 2016/1103 and 2016/1104.

scholarly journals The European Union and China Foreign Direct Investment Cooperation in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-93
Author(s):  
D. Potapov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Common ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Eu

The article analyses the foreign direct investment cooperation between the European Union and the People’s Republic of China under the Belt and Road Initiative. The initiative is proposed by China and is aimed at developing cross-regional transport and logistics infrastructure connecting China with South-East, South and Central Asia, the Middle East, East Africa and Europe. The author examines the history of the initiative and its assessments by international organizations (e.g. the World Bank and the ESCAP UN) and investigates the structure and statistics of the EU-China investment relations, basing on the examples of the most important China’s investment partners (including France, Italy, Germany and the Vishegrad Group countries). The discrepancy between the conditions for the EU and the Chinese investors is highlighted. The author defines and characterizes the major models of the Belt and Road projects’ development, which are used by China in cooperation with the EU Member States. The EU investors in China face restrictions imposed by the national regulation of foreign investments. In particular, the external investors do not have access to the sectors crucially important for national interest and security (e.g. high-tech sectors and mass media). At the same time, Chinese investors’ access to the EU financial markets is not limited, allowing them to become important shareholders in the EU companies and to transfer technologies. It raises concerns within national governments and the European Union itself. The national governments are establishing and adopting screening mechanisms for foreign direct investments and additional regulations to control important sectors and enterprises. At the same time, the EU Member States are developing a common view on the prospects and mechanisms of cooperation with China under the Belt and Road initiative. The EU countries have not yet reached a consensus upon the Belt and Road initiative and the prospects of the EU participation in it, so the author focuses on the strategies of the examined countries. Germany is calling for a common position for all the EU member states and advocates for using the EU-based mechanisms and platforms for cooperation with China. Such demands are also connected with the promotion of a common EU investment screening mechanism in order to protect the Member States’ interests and security. Italy is deepening its cooperation with China through bilateral mechanisms, mainly based on a memorandum of understanding with China on the Belt and Road initiative. France, on the one hand, shares the common interest with Germany regarding the need for the common EU policy towards the Chinese initiative, but on the other hand, the country is deploying new projects with China. The Visegrad Group states are forging their ties with China through bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms and they are interested in the growth of Chinese investment inflows. This undermines the unanimity of policy towards China and the Belt and Road.

Visa Policy in the European Union

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Dzankic
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Gradual Evolution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Visa Policy ◽  
The Eu

Most European Union (EU) Member States participate in the common visa regime, even though there is no common visa policy applicable to all of them. The visa policy explored here covers the Schengen Area (including EU Member States and other countries, as well as EU countries that are still outside the Schengen). The Schengen Area does not include two EU Member States—the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland—that have opted out from the EU’s visa policies and operate a common travel area between them. Furthermore, the common visa policy in the EU is related to the issuance of short-term visas, while visas of longer duration and residence permits remain in the national domain. Against this background, the visa policy of the EU has four relevant aspects. First, the gradual evolution of the Schengen Area has been driven not only by political developments within the EU and its Member States, but also by broader global developments (e.g., the fall of communism). Second, the consolidation of the internal and external aspects of the visa policy in the EU took place through the growth of the Schengen acquis. Third, visa liberalization has become one of the most powerful tools for policy diffusion beyond the EU’s borders. Finally, securitization of migration has had a strong impact on the EU’s visa policy, particularly in the domains of information exchange and police cooperation.

scholarly journals Franchising, Validation, and Branch Campuses in the European Union

2014 ◽  
pp. 16-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Bischof
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
European Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Branch Campuses ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Study Programs

European Higher Education is growing together. Both students and institutions are increasingly going abroad to obtain or offer education. Lately, the issue of branch campuses, franchising or validation arrangements have caused controversy. While European law guarantees all EU universities to offer their study programs in other EU Member States, there is not yet an overarching form of cross-border quality assurance. A recent study has investigated the prevalence of cross-border provision of higher education as well as its regulation in 27 Member States of the European Union. This article explores existing loopholes and makes recommendations for a European quality assurance framework for cross-border education.

scholarly journals Development of banking standards control in the EU: problems and prospects

2019 ◽  
pp. 162-166
Author(s):  
Ol'ga M. Meshcheryakova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Basel Iii ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

The article is devoted to the study of banking standards in the European Union. The article examines the unified mechanisms of the banking standards control in the European Union. The author considers mechanisms for harmonising the legislation of the EU member states and international regulatory mechanisms of banking standards, Basel III. The article analyses the measures of legal regulation aimed at protecting the banking system of the European Union.

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