scholarly journals Narcolepsy with Cataplexy: What we know about it in 2021 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Carolina Diamandis ◽  
David Seideman ◽  
Jacob S Adams
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Sleep Wake Disorders ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Narcolepsy is a model disease for many sleep-wake disorders, a dyssomnia. Diagnostically important is the so-called “narcoleptic tetrad”: Daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. Common differential diagnoses are epilepsy, psychoses, pharmacological influences and sleep disorders. The correct diagnosis is often made too late. Often, negative psychosocial consequences of narcolepsy have already occurred for the patients in the meantime, which can be prevented by an early diagnosis. Therefore, the objective of this White Paper is to raise more awareness in the medical community.

scholarly journals Workshop report. Circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders: gaps and opportunities

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne F Duffy ◽  
Sabra M Abbott ◽  
Helen J Burgess ◽  
Stephanie J Crowley ◽  
Jonathan S Emens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Society ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Sleep Wake Disorders ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Circadian Time

Abstract This White Paper presents the results from a workshop cosponsored by the Sleep Research Society (SRS) and the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR) whose goals were to bring together sleep clinicians and sleep and circadian rhythm researchers to identify existing gaps in diagnosis and treatment and areas of high-priority research in circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders (CRSWD). CRSWD are a distinct class of sleep disorders caused by alterations of the circadian time-keeping system, its entrainment mechanisms, or a misalignment of the endogenous circadian rhythm and the external environment. In these disorders, the timing of the primary sleep episode is either earlier or later than desired, irregular from day-to-day, and/or sleep occurs at the wrong circadian time. While there are incomplete and insufficient prevalence data, CRSWD likely affect at least 800,000 and perhaps as many as 3 million individuals in the United States, and if Shift Work Disorder and Jet Lag are included, then many millions more are impacted. The SRS Advocacy Taskforce has identified CRSWD as a class of sleep disorders for which additional high-quality research could have a significant impact to improve patient care. Participants were selected for their expertise and were assigned to one of three working groups: Phase Disorders, Entrainment Disorders, and Other. Each working group presented a summary of the current state of the science for their specific CRSWD area, followed by discussion from all participants. The outcome of those presentations and discussions are presented here.

scholarly journals Narcolepsy in childhood and adolescence

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Reimão ◽  
Hélio Lemmi
Keyword(s):  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Short Sleep ◽  
Main Complaint ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Multiple Sleep Latency ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical, polysomnography and the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) features in young narcoleptics. We evaluated 14 patients with mean age of 13.6 years old (ranging from 6 to 18 years) ; 11 were males and 3 females. Daytime sleepiness was the main complaint in all cases and started at the ages of 6 to 17 years. Cataplexy was described in 10 cases and it was considered mild to moderate in all but one case. Sleep paralysis was present in 6 cases and hypnagogic hallucinations in 7 cases. The main polysomnography characteristics were the short sleep latency in 9 cases and the sudden onset of REM periods in 7 cases. The MSLT showed short or borderline sleep latencies in 13 cases, with a mean of 4.9 min; 2 or more REM periods were present in 13 cases. Clinical, polysomnographic and MSLT characteristics in the age bracket focused were remarkably similar to those of adult narcoleptics suggesting the stability of these psysiopa-thological markers.

Sleep and epilepsy—chicken or egg?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora A. Lozsadi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Seizure Control ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

Epilepsy is the commonest serious chronic neurological condition, affecting 0.5% of the population in the UK. Subjective sleep disturbance and excessive daytime sleepiness are reported to be 50% more frequent in those with epilepsy than in controls. Causes are multiple. Both poor seizure control and nocturnal attacks are known to contribute to such sleep disorders. Epilepsy also increases the risk of associated sleep disorders, and additional neurological conditions, such as dementia, learning disability, and depression. These all affect sleep hygiene. Prescribed anti-epileptic drugs will further aggravate the problem. Side-effects will include drowsiness. Sedating benzodiazepines and barbiturates are considered worst offenders. Others affect sleep architecture to varying degrees and/or cause insomnia. While hyper-somnolence in patients with epilepsy will raise the possibility of any of the above issues, sleep deprivation is one of the commonest seizure triggers. This chapter will shed more light on the intricate relationship between sleep and epilepsy.

Sleep habits and their association with daytime sleepiness among medical students of Tanta University, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa A. Atlam ◽  
Hala M. Elsabagh
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Sleep Habits ◽  
Restless Legs ◽  
Sleeping Pills ◽  
Life Pattern ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Malaysian Students

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the sleep quality (habits and disorders) and the daytime sleepiness among medical students.MethodsA cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted during September 2018, through November 2018 at the Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt. The study recruited undergraduate Egyptian and Malaysian students and applied a modified form of two questionnaires, namely the Sleep Habits and Life Style and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)”. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS. The results were expressed as frequency, percentage, and mean ± standard deviation (SD). Chi-square test was used to explore associations between categorical variables. An independent sample t-test was used to detect the mean differences between groups. Ordinal regression analyses were done on the ESS findings in relation to demographics and sleep habits. p-values<0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.ResultsThe study included 899 medical students. Most of the participants were Egyptians (67%), rural residents (57.4%), and in the preclinical stage (79.5%). Males represented 66.0% of the study participants and participants average age (SD) was 21.98 (1.13) years. The average durations (SD) of night sleep were 7.3 (1.6) hours in work days and 8.7 (2.1) hours during the weekends. Both were significantly longer among young (<21 years-old) and preclinical students (p<0.05). Students had on average (SD) 1.33 (0.29) hours duration of napping, but 60% of the participants never or rarely scheduled for napping. Larger proportion of male and Malaysian students sometimes scheduled for napping more significantly than their peers (p<0.05). Only 16.24% of students reported that the cause of daytime napping was no enough sleep at night. The students reported sleep disorders of insomnia in the form of waking up too early, trouble falling asleep, or waking up at night with failure to re-sleep (31, 30, and 26%, respectively). Snoring (22.2%) and restless legs (22.0%) were also reported by the students. High chances of dozing off was reported by 22.02% of the participants, of which 10% used sleeping pills, 41.4% suffered psychological affection, and 34.8% reported life pattern affection. We found an increased chance of daytime sleepiness among males (0.430 times) and Egyptian (2.018 times) students. There was a decreased chance of daytime sleepiness in students from rural areas and those below 21-years-old (0.262 and 0.343 times, respectively). Absence of chronic diseases suffering was significantly associated with 5.573 more chance of daytime sleepiness or dozing off. In addition, enough and average sleep at night significantly decreased the chance of daytime sleepiness by 6.292 and 6.578, respectively, whereas daytime consumption of caffeinated beverages significantly decreased the chance of daytime sleepiness by 0.341.ConclusionThere was unbalanced sleep duration in work days and weekends as well as lack of scheduling for napping among the students. Sleep disorders as insomnia, snoring, and restless legs were associated with excessive daytime sleepiness. Some students who suffered daytime sleepiness also underwent psychological and life pattern affection including taking sleeping pills. Enough and average sleep duration at night as well as daytime consumption of caffeinated beverages decreased the chance of daytime sleepiness.

Narcolepsy: Differential Diagnosis or Etiology in Some Cases of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia?

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Douglass
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Psychotic Features ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractDoes narcolepsy, a neurological disease, need to be considered when diagnosing major mental illness? Clinicians have reported cases of narcolepsy with prominent hypnagogic hallucinations that were mistakenly diagnosed as schizophrenia. In some bipolar disorder patients with narcolepsy, the HH resulted in their receiving a more severe diagnosis (ie, bipolar disorder with psychotic features or schizoaffective disorder). The role of narcolepsy in psychiatric patients has remained obscure and problematic, and it may be more prevalent than commonly believed. Classical narcolepsy patients display the clinical “tetrad”—cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, daytime sleep attacks, and sleep paralysis. Over 85% also display the human leukocyte antigen marker DQB10602 (subset of DQ6). Since 1998, discoveries in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology have greatly advanced the understanding of narcolepsy, which involves a nearly total loss of the recently discovered orexin/hypocretin (hypocretin) neurons of the hypothalamus, likely by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypocretin neurons normally supply excitatory signals to brainstem nuclei producing norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine, with resultant suppression of sleep. They also project to basal forebrain areas and cortex. A literature review regarding the differential diagnosis of narcolepsy, affective disorder, and schizophrenia is presented. Furthermore, it is now possible to rule out classical narcolepsy in difficult psychiatric cases. Surprisingly, psychotic patients with narcolepsy will likely require stimulants to fully recover. Many conventional antipsychotic drugs would worsen their symptoms and make them appear to become a “chronic psychotic,” while in fact they can now be properly diagnosed and treated.

scholarly journals Study of Sleep Disorders and Polysomnographic Evaluation among Primary Chronic Daily Headache Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S072-S075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Verma ◽  
Kamal Kumar Nagar ◽  
Ravindra Kumar Garg ◽  
Ravi Uniyal ◽  
Praveen Kumar Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Chronic Daily Headache ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Tension Type Headache ◽  
Chronic Tension Type Headache ◽  
Daily Headache ◽  
Type Headache ◽  
Headache Patients

ABSTRACT Objective: Studies related to sleep disorders and polysomnography (PSG) among chronic daily headache patients are rare. We studied this and compared chronic migraine (CM) with chronic tension-type headache. Methods: Eighty-three patients were recruited. They were evaluated by semi-structured interview, headache, and sleep diaries along with Epworth Sleepiness Scale score and insomnia symptom score. Overnight PSG was performed and data compared. Results: Chronic tension-type headache was more common than CM, both having female preponderance. Insomnia followed by excessive daytime sleepiness was prevalent sleep disorder. Sleep efficiency and Stage 3 sleep were lower in CM compared to chronic tension-type. ESSS was significantly increased among chronic tension-type patients. No significant correlation was found among PSG parameters in patients with or without sleep disorders. Conclusion: Insomnia being most common sleep disorder among chronic headache population. Chronic tension-type headache had slightly better slow-wave sleep than CM and significantly increased daytime sleepiness.

Hypnagogic Hallucinations and Sleep Paralysis

Narcolepsy ◽  
2008 ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando D’Agostino ◽  
Ivan Limosani
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Bladder pain syndrome

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Fall
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Bladder Pain Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Bladder Pain ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Medical Consultations

Bladder pain syndrome has a profound impact on the patients’ physical, professional, and personal life. Generally, recognition of this clinical syndrome is hampered by insufficient expertise in the medical community. The correct diagnosis is often delayed by several years and may be preceded by multiple medical consultations and treatment attempts. Still, this is one of the most painful, non-malignant conditions to be encountered in urology and it is probably more common than generally believed. Problems as to diagnosis, phenotyping, terminology, and management persist, but during the last few years there has been increasing activity to resolve those issues. In this chapter, symptoms, findings, and treatment options are outlined.

Sleep in chronic renal insufficiency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgos K. Sakkas ◽  
Christoforos D. Giannaki
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
Nocturnal Hemodialysis

Chronic kidney disease is a significant and growing medical and public health problem, responsible for a substantial burden of illness and premature mortality. Renal disease has a dramatic impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL), with sleep disorders contributing significantly and 80% of the renal population reporting symptoms of disturbed sleep, including insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue. Many patients with sleep disorders remain underdiagnosed, since many of the signs and symptoms related to poor sleep are thought to be an unavoidable consequence of renal failure or inadequate dialysis. Effective management of sleep disorders could improve patients’ QoL and mortality. A growing body of evidence suggests significant advantages of nocturnal hemodialysis for control of uremia and therefore for improving sleep quality and daytime sleepiness.

scholarly journals Sleep disorders in pregnancy

2004 ◽  
Vol 62 (2a) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliane Aversa Lopes ◽  
Luciane Bizari Coin de Carvalho ◽  
Priscila Bernal da Costa Seguro ◽  
Rosiane Mattar ◽  
Ademir Baptista Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Clinical Interview ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Normal Sleep ◽  
Function Of Sleep ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Sleep In Animals

CONTEXT: The precise function of sleep in animals and human beings is still unknown, and any sort of physical, social or psychological variation may change the normal sleep-wake cycle. PURPOSE: This research aims is to determine the sleep disorders (SD) for each of the three trimesters of the pregnancy comparing them to the pre-pregnancy state (PG). METHOD: SD were investigated in three hundred pregnant women 11- to 40-years-old through with a brief clinical interview based on directed questions. One hundred pregnant women were considered for each trimester. RESULTS: The rate of pregnant women with insomnia increased by 23% in the 2nd trimester (p< 0.005); the rate for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) by 15% in the 1st trimester (p<0.003), 55% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.001) and by 14% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.002); the rate for mild sleepiness increased by 33% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.002) and by 48% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001); the rate for specific awakenings increased by 63% in the 1st trimester, by 80% in the 2nd trimester and by 84% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: SD were more frequent during pregnancy comparatively to PG state, mostly at the expenses of EDS and specific awakenings.

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