Optimal Subsidy Rate for Physical Investment Considering R&D Sector

Research issues include the physical investment financing in Polish nonfinancial corporations in 1995 to 2011. The purpose of this study is to identify the structure of physical investment financing in Polish non-financial corporations, and to define the role of bank financing. The data used in the estimation of physical investment financing structure in Polish non-financial corporations, were obtained from two accounts belonging to the accumulation accounts, i.e. the capital account and the financial account. The study used net sources of finance methodology initiated by Mayer [1988, 1990], Corbett and Jenkinson [1994, 1997]. It uses the flow of funds rather than stock data.

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Cost-Benefit Analysis under the DSM Model of Green Lighting

Light & Engineering ◽

10.33383/2018-142 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 149-155

Author(s):

Yanjiang GONG ◽

Jiang LI ◽

Wenshuang YU ◽

Runbing YANG ◽

Tiejun ZHOU

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Association Rules ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Key Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Subsidy Rate ◽

Willingness To Use ◽

The Cost

Based on the concept of DSM and the requirements of the demonstration project, the DSM model of green lighting was studied, carrying out the cost-benefit analysis. Combining the characteristics of the demonstration area, first of all, the cost-benefit of different interest subjects was analyzed. Secondly, the association rules algorithm was analyzed in detail, and the cost-benefit was analyzed by the association rules algorithm. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the key factors, affecting the cost and benefit of each interest subject, was done by using the algorithm. And it is concluded that the user subsidy rate and consumer electricity price are the key factors that affect the userТs willingness to use green lighting technology and power grid enterprises to implement DSM measures.

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SOLAR 1.1: DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE FOR SELECTING COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS, INCLUDING THE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Revista de Engenharia Térmica ◽

10.5380/reterm.v8i2.61895 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

P. Laranci ◽

J. L. Silveira ◽

W. Q. Lamas

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Interest Rate ◽

Economic Analysis ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Photovoltaic System ◽

Photovoltaic Panels ◽

Subsidy Rate ◽

Electricity Cost ◽

Electricity Grids ◽

The Interest Rate

Photovoltaic energy represents an opportunity to produce electricity in a clean manner. It can be applied in all world places, in particular in the developing countries, where there are places where electricity grids are unreliable or non-existent and is inconvenient to make investments in a grids expansion. In remote locations photovoltaic power supplies often the most economic and cleaner option to produce electric energy. In addition, many developing countries have high radiation levels year round because of their latitude. The software SOLAR 1.1 was developed with purpose of helping the choice of photovoltaic panels available commercially including electric needs calculation for the installation. This new version of program also help to conduce the economic analysis for grid connected or stand alone photovoltaic systems for the choice of convenient values of interest rate and payback period. In this version of the software is possible to select the language among English, Italian and Portuguese. The software choices the panels in its archive that contains more of 250 types of photovoltaic modules made by 35 producers. The selection provides as output three modules, the cheapest for each cell type: monocrystalline, multicrystalline and amorphous. The software archive can be updated adding new item or editing the inserted items. The economic analysis can be operated by SOLAR 1.1 in each of the chosen panels. This analysis gives as output all the values of the costs in the photovoltaic system and the diagrams with the electricity cost and the expected annual saving trend with variation of the amortisation period and for different values of the interest rate and the governmental subsidy rate.

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Linking a sugar-sweetened beverage tax with fruit and vegetable subsidies: A simulation analysis of the impact on the poor

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqab330 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pourya Valizadeh ◽

Barry M Popkin ◽

Shu Wen Ng

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Simulation Analysis ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽

Subsidy Rate ◽

Sweetened Beverage ◽

Financial Gain ◽

Households With Children ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Income Households

Abstract Background US individuals, particularly from low-income subpopulations, have very poor diet quality. Policies encouraging shifts from consuming unhealthy food towards healthy food consumption are needed. Objectives We simulate the differential impacts of a national sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax and its combination with fruit and vegetable (FV) subsidies targeted to low-income households, on SSB and FV purchases of lower and higher SSB purchasers. Design We considered a one-cent-per-ounce SSB tax and two FV subsidy rates of 30% and 50% and used longitudinal grocery purchase data for 79,044 urban/semiurban US households from 2010-2014 Nielsen Homescan. We used demand elasticities for lower and higher SSB purchasers, estimated via longitudinal quantile regression, to simulate policies’ differential effects. Results Higher-SSB purchasing households made larger reductions (per adult equivalent) in SSB purchases than lower SSB purchasers due to the tax (e.g., 4.4 oz/day at SSB purchase percentile 90 vs. 0.5 oz/day at percentile 25; p < 0.05). Our analyses by household income indicated low-income households would make larger reductions than higher-income households at all SSB purchase levels. Targeted FV subsidies induced similar, but nutritionally insignificant, increases in FV purchases of low-income households regardless of their SSB purchase levels. Subsidies, however, were effective in mitigating the tax burdens. All low-income households experienced a net financial gain when the tax was combined with a 50% FV subsidy, but net gains were smaller among higher SSB purchasers. Further, low-income households with children gained smaller net financial benefits than households without children and incurred net financial losses under a 30% subsidy rate. Conclusions SSB taxes can effectively reduce SSB consumption. FV subsidies would increase FV purchases, but nutritionally meaningful increases are limited due to low purchase levels pre-policy. Expanding taxes beyond SSBs, larger FV subsidies, or subsidies beyond FVs, particularly for low-income households with children, may be more effective.

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Comparison of agricultural subsidies in the Czech Republic and in the selected states of the European Union

Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) ◽

10.17221/68/2009-agricecon ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 519-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

F. Střeleček ◽

R. Zdeněk ◽

J. Lososová

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Life Quality ◽

The European Union ◽

Agricultural Subsidies ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Subsidy Rate ◽

European Heritage ◽

The Common ◽

The Difference ◽

The Eu

The Common Agricultural Policy has been implemented in order to guarantee the appropriate life quality for farmers and to preserve the European heritage. Costs of its realization amounted to 40% of the EU budget. The EU has not established the same conditions for all member states. The aim of the paper is to assess the influence of agricultural subsidies and the structure of production on the incomes of agricultural holdings and their comparison with the largest producers in the EU with similar production structure. The shift-share analysis is used. Different amount of subsidies according to the type of farming together with increasing subsidy rate may influence the type of farming. Therefore, it may cause a paradox that the structure of subsidies according to the type of farming will stimulate products that are currently suppressed. The difference in subsidies in comparison with the largest producers with a similar structure of agricultural production is significant for the Czech Republic and it is possible to compare it to the increase of the SAPS by 75%.

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Henslowe's Relocation to the North: Playhouse Management in Renaissance London

Theatre Survey ◽

10.1017/s0040557400002064 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 31-47

Author(s):

Vincent Landro

Keyword(s):

Urban Geography ◽

Audience Response ◽

Fast Growing ◽

The North ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Financial Investments ◽

Profit Centers ◽

Physical Investment ◽

New Industry

If the London theatre of the Renaissance was one of the earliest examples of theatre as a commercial entertainment, then its playhouses were its largest physical investment and central visual focus. The Theatre, Curtain, Rose, Fortune, Globe, Swan, Hope and Cockpit were not only architectural inventions designed to replace previous itinerant playing practices with performances in fixed spaces where the acting companies could control admissions. They were also major financial investments by playhouse owners. The increase in the building of playhouses between 1576 and 1616 reflect a growing industry creating custom-built places of production that became regular fixtures in the urban geography of Renaissance London. The unprecedented rate of playgoing also increased interest in the possibility of profits by investors, shareholders, and those who operated the playhouses. In short, the London theatre was organized to make money, and London's playhouses were profit centers for the production and consumption of an aesthetic product. Within such a commercial climate, the decisions of playhouse owners concerning building, rebuilding, or abandonment of each facility were critical choices based on profits rather than aesthetics. The location of a playhouse was as important as what went on inside it. Decisions regarding playhouse location, then, can be examined as successful or unsuccessful pragmatic responses to competitive pressures, changing audience response, and expectation of profits in a speculative new industry within a fast-growing city.

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