scholarly journals Control of Aspergillus flavus in wheat grains using Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Lundoi Tobias Lee ◽  
Ana Paula Martinazzo ◽  
Sabrinna Aires Garcia ◽  
Pedro Amorim Berbet ◽  
Carlos Eduardo De Souza Teodoro
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Cymbopogon Flexuosus ◽  
Main Component

Fungi are one of the main food spoilage agents. Numerous species when subjected to stress conditions produce secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins, which are mutagenic and carcinogenic substances. The fungus Aspergillus flavus is one of the main contaminants of grains and is known to produce Aflatoxin. Pesticides are used in agriculture to contain fungi and other pests, but they harm other species, the environment and the human health, in addition to the development of resistance to these substances in pest species. Natural alternatives have been sought to control these organisms. In this context, essential oils are a viable option against A. flavus. The aim of this study was to identify the main components and evaluate the effectiveness of lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) for controlling the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Initially, the effect of essential oil on mycelial growth of the fungus was assessed by in vitro tests at the doses: 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.6; 3.2; 6.4; and 12.8 μL mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.8 μL mL-1. The in vivo test was performed at the following concentrations: 0.6; 0.8; and 1.6 μL mL-1. The results showed that the essential oil has fungicidal potential against A. flavus. The main component of the essential oil was citral.

scholarly journals Antifungal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil against Aspergillus flavus

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Martinazzo ◽  
Filipe Da Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Carlos Eduardo de Souza Teodoro
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Corn Kernels

The search for alternatives for the control of microbiological contamination in foods has been the object of study in different scientific areas. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in controlling the growth of the fungus Aspergillus flavus in three types of analysis: first, by in vitro tests, in essential oil doses between 0.2 and 1.0 μL/ml; second, by serial microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, in doses between 0.1 and 1.2 μL/mL; and third, by inhibition of fungal growth in corn kernels contaminated using essential oil doses of 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 μL/mL, in the incubation times of 14, 28, and 42 days. The in vitro tests showed that the essential oil controlled the fungus from doses of 0.6 μL/mL, but the dose of 1.0 μL/mL controlled 100% growth until day eight of incubation, from which it decreased. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the microdilution analysis was 0.9 μL/mL. The evaluation of the corn kernels for all doses of essential oil and times tested showed 100% inhibition of the fungal growth.

scholarly journals Amoebicidal Activity of Essential Oil ofDysphania ambrosioides(L.) Mosyakin & Clemants in an Amoebic Liver Abscess Hamster Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Enrique Ávila-Blanco ◽  
Martín Gerardo Rodríguez ◽  
José Luis Moreno Duque ◽  
Martin Muñoz-Ortega ◽  
Javier Ventura-Juárez
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Amoebic Liver Abscess ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Amoebicidal Activity

Amebiasis is a parasitic disease that extends worldwide and is a public health problem in developing countries. Metronidazole is the drug recommended in the treatment of amebiasis, but its contralateral effects and lack of continuity of treatment induce low efficiency, coupled with the appearance of resistant amoebic strains. Therefore, the search of new compounds with amoebicidal activity is urgent and important. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antiamoebic activity of the essential oilDysphania ambrosioides(L.) Mosyakin & Clemants. It exhibited an IC50= 0.7 mg/mL against trophozoites. The oral administration of essential oil (8 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) to hamster infected withEntamoeba histolyticareverted the infection. Ascaridole was identified as the main component of essential oil ofD. ambrosioides. The identification of amoebicidal activity of Ascaridole gives support to the traditional use. Further studies with Ascaridole will be carried out to understand the mechanism involved.

Recent Progress in the Eye Irritation Test

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ih Chu ◽  
Peter Toft
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Eye Irritation ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Irritation Test

The rabbit eye irritation test based on the Draize method is required for the hazard assessment of chemicals and products that may come into contact with the eye. Due to the potential for the suffering of animals and subjectivity of the test, many modifications of the method have been made that involved a reduction in the number of animals and a refinement of techniques. Additionally, there has been significant development of in vitro alternatives. This paper reviews recent advances in the in vivo test and in vitro alternatives, as well as regulatory requirements. While the refinement of in vivo protocols has resulted in a reduction in the number and discomfort on animals, the development of in vitro alternatives could lead to an eventual replacement of animal studies. In view of the inherent simplicity of many in vitro methods, some of which comprise cell cultures, further research into the relevance/mechanism of effects is required. Batteries of in vitro tests, when properly validated, may be considered as replacements for animal testing.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and their toxicity in mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weibson Paz Pinheiro André ◽  
Géssica Soares Cavalcante ◽  
Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro ◽  
Jessica Maria Leite dos Santos ◽  
Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Anthelmintic Effect

Abstract Thymol is a monoterpene and acetylation form of this compound can reduce the toxicity and enhance its biological effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and thymol acetate (TA) on egg, larva and adult Haemonchus contortus and the cuticular changes, acute toxicity in mice and the efficacy on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. In vitro tests results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by comparison with Tukey test or Bonferroni. The efficacy of in vivo test was calculated by the BootStreet program. In the egg hatch test (EHT), thymol (0.5 mg/mL) and TA (4 mg/mL) inhibited larval hatching by 98% and 67.1%, respectively. Thymol and TA (8 mg/mL) inhibited 100% of larval development. Thymol and TA (800 µg/mL) reduced the motility of adult worms, by 100% and 83.4%, respectively. Thymol caused cuticular changes in adult worm teguments. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 of thymol and TA were 1,350.9 mg/kg and 4,144.4 mg/kg, respectively. Thymol and TA reduced sheep egg count per gram of faeces (epg) by 59.8% and 76.2%, respectively. In in vitro tests thymol presented better anthelmintic activity than TA. However TA was less toxic and in in vivo test efficacy was similar.

scholarly journals Control of Some Phytopathogenic Fungi Using Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Tiago Silva Lima ◽  
Kevison Romulo da Silva França ◽  
Plinio Tércio Medeiros de Azevedo ◽  
Yaroslávia Ferreira Paiva ◽  
José Carlos Santos Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Clove Essential Oil

Aims: This study evaluates the inhibitory potential of the clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and on maize seeds. Study Design: The experiments comprised completely randomized designs: Seven treatments with five replicates on in vitro test; and four treatments with five replicates each, on in vivo test. Place and Duration of Study: The work was carried out at the Center for Agrifood Science and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal, Brazil, from April to May 2018. Methodology: In the in vitro test, the essential oil was incorporated into the PDA (Potato-Dextrose-Agar) culture medium. The treatments comprised five concentrations of the oil (0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%), a negative control (0.0%), and a positive control (Tiram). Plates were inoculated with the tested fungi, Fusarium verticillioides, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Macrophomina pseudophaseolina, then incubated for seven days at 27±2°C. The percentage of mycelial growth inhibition (PGI) and mycelial growth rate index (MGRI) were estimated. In the in vivo test, maize seeds (AG1051 hybrid) were treated with the essential oil on concentrations equal or superior to the minimum inhibitory concentration found in the in vitro test, besides the negative and positive controls. The artificial inoculation was carried out in fungi colonies for 32 hours and the seed sanity test was performed. The percentage of seeds infected by the fungus was evaluated after seven days. Results: In vitro conditions, clove oil totally inhibited the mycelial growth of F. verticillioides, M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.1%, respectively. At 0.2% concentration significantly reduced the incidence of colonies of fungi M. phaseolina and M. pseudophaseolina in hybrid corn seeds AG 1051. Conclusion: The clove essential oil had a fungitoxic effect on the phytopathogens evaluated, under in vitro and in the treatment of maize seeds.

scholarly journals Potential Rhizopus spp. in control the growth of Aspergillus flavus FNCC6109 in broiler chicken concentrate feed

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Lalu Muhammad Sakti Surya Jagat ◽  
Ida Bagus Gede Darmayasa ◽  
I Made Sara Wijana
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Inhibition Test ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
In Vivo Test

Aspergillus flavus contamination of agriculture in Indonesia can cause problems to animal health and productivity. Some factors can support the appearance of contamination in feed, especially temperature and humidity. The main objective of this research was to investigate potency of Rhizopus spp. on inhibit A. flavus FNCC6109 in broiler chicken concentrate feed. The experiments were conducted dual culture method and the inhibition test of the Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture was incubated for 3, 4 and 5 days on in vitro. The in vivo test was directly applied in broiler chicken concentrate feed which added Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture concentration at 10% (v/v), 20% (v/v), 30% (v/v), 40% (v/v), dan 50% (v/v). The results showed that the Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture significantly (P?0,05) to inhibit the growth of A. flavus FNCC6109 both in vitro and in vivo. The percentage inhibition of Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture incubated for 5 days showed 67,47±2,10% relatively better results than 3 and 4 days, and therefore was used in the in vivo. Application of 50% (v/v) Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture to the broiler chicken concentrate feed significantly reduced 82% population of A. flavus FNCC6109 after 15 days incubated relative to that of negative control (concentrate feed without addition Rhizopus spp. filtrate culture and A. flavus FNCC6109).

scholarly journals Chemistry and Leishmanicidal Activity of the Essential Oil from Artemisia absinthium from Cuba

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lianet Monzote ◽  
Abel Piñón ◽  
Ramón Scull ◽  
William N. Setzer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Artemisia Absinthium ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Promising Source

Historically, natural products have been a rich source of lead molecules in drug discovery. In particular, products to treat infectious diseases have been developed and several reports about potentialities of essential oils (EO) against Leishmania could be found. In this study, we report the chemical characterization, anti-leishmanial effects and cytotoxicity of the EO from Artemisia absinthium L. Chemical analysis revealed the EO to be composed of 18 compounds, 11 of which were identified, accounting for 64.1% of the composition. The main component of the EO was trans-sabinyl acetate, which made up 36.7%. In vitro anti-leishmanial screening showed that the A. absinthium EO inhibited the growth of promastigotes (14.4 ± 3.6 μg/mL) and amastigotes (13.4 ± 2.4 μg/mL) of L. amazonensis; while cytotoxicity evaluation caused 6 fold higher values than those for the parasites. In a model of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice, five doses of EO at 30 mg/kg by intralesional route demonstrated control of lesion size and parasite burden ( p< 0.05) compared with animals treated with glucantime and untreated mice. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo results showed the potential of EO from A. absinthium as a promising source for lead or active compounds against Leishmania, which could be explored.

scholarly journals A review of application of natural products as fungicides for chili

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Khoirul Ngibad ◽  
Afidatul Muadifah ◽  
Lailatul Jannah Triarini ◽  
Laily Rizki Amalia ◽  
Novita Karel Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Fabrication Method ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Fractionation Method

Anthracnose disease in chillies is a serious problem for farmers. So far, synthetic fungicides have been used as solution for the treatment of this disease. However, the side effects of synthetic fungicides to  public health and environment raised awareness on  alternative fungicides derived from natural resources. This paper aims to review plants that  are  potential as an alternative to fungicides for chili plantation, fabrication of test solutions, in vitro and in vivo fungicide test. Many plants  were investigated as alternatives to plant-based fungicide. The utilization of leaves as samples including rhizomes, roots, tubers, weevils, seeds, fruit, flowers and  other parts of the plant. The extract fabrication method used as a fungicide test include: maceration method, gradual fractionation method, and decoction method. The maceration method is the method most widely used to extract fungicidal active compounds from plants. Some studies that carried out in vitro tests were unable to compare with synthetic fungicides so it was not possible to determine their effectiveness for plant-based fungicide for chillies when compared to synthetic fungicides. In vitro Extract of 80% alcohol and 10%/60% n-hexane of pacar cina (Aglaia odorata L.) leaves can be compared with the performance of propineb 0.2%. In addition, the 60% and 70% kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaf extracts were also able to match Acrobat 0.2% performance in vitro. Based on the in vivo test, suren (Toona sureni Merr) leaf extract and nut bulbs can be used as an alternative to vegetable / natural fungicides to help overcome the problem of anthracnose in chilies.

scholarly journals Chenopodium ambrosioides L. essential oil and ethanol extract on control of canine Ancylostoma spp.

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Nascimento Moraes Monteiro ◽  
Anderson Barros Archanjo ◽  
Gabriela Porfirio Passos ◽  
Adilson Vidal Costa ◽  
Lenir Cardoso Porfirio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Chenopodium Ambrosioides ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Vitro Effect

The use of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. has shown to be promising in the management of gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of this study was to quantitate the yield and characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. ambrosioides, as well as to evaluate the in vitro effect of the ethanolic extract and the essential oil in L3 of Ancylostoma spp. and the in vivo effect(s) of the essential oil in dogs. The effects of the ethanol extract and essential oil on Ancylostoma spp. were evaluated in vitro by exposing larvae to the extract at concentrations ranging from 0.005 g mL-1 to 0.2 g mL-1 and to essential oil at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 ?L mL-1. For the in vivo test, 26 healthy dogs, naturally infected by Ancylostoma spp., were divided into three groups: F1 - cookies were administered without active principle; F2 - herbal cookies containing 37.5 ?L g-1 essential oil of C. ambrosioides L.; F3 - cookies plus a commercial formulation containing febantel, pyrantel, praziquantel, and ivermectin. Complete blood counts and serum biochemistry for AST, ALT, AF, urea, creatinine, total protein, and albumin were performed. The yield of the essential oil was 0.3% m v-1, and its major components included ?-terpinene (1.24%), p-cymene (4.83%), and ascaridol Z (87%) and E (5.04%) isomers. The concentrations of C. ambrosioides L. ethanol extract used were ineffective against Ancylostoma spp. larvae. The essential oil at a concentration of 150 ?L mL-1 was effective against L3 larvae. In the in vivo study in dogs, the herbal cookies containing C. ambrosioides L essential oil reduced the number of eggs per gram of feces.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic effect of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and its nanoemulsion on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo ◽  
Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira ◽  
Weibson Paz Pinheiro André ◽  
José Vilemar de Araújo Filho ◽  
Jéssica Maria Leite dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Vitro Effect

Abstract The anthelmintic resistance stimulated the search for strategies for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes, including the use of free essential oils or its nanoemulsion. This study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (CcEO) and C. citratus essential oil nanoemulsion (CcEOn). Pysicochemical analyses were performed. The in vitro effect was determined using the egg hatch test (EHT) on Haemonchus contortus and in vivo effect was evaluated in sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. The animals were treated with CcEO (500 mg/kg) or CcEOn (450 mg/kg) for the fecal egg count (FEC) and the determination of worm burden. The main component of CcEO was citral. The CcEO content in the nanoemulsion was 20% (v/v), and the mean particle size was 248 nm. In EHT, CcEO and CcEOn (1.25 mg/mL) inhibited larval hatching by 98.4 and 97.1%, respectively. Three animals treated with CcEO died whereas in the group treated with CcEOn one animal died. The FEC and total worm burden of the treated groups did not differ from the negative control (p>0.05). The CcEOn showed efficacy only on H. contortus (p<0.05). In conclusion, nanoencapsulation reduced toxicity and increased efficacy on H. contortus.

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