scholarly journals Motorization and Under-Reported Road Accidents: Spatial Evidence from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-495
Author(s):  
Farrukh Baig ◽  
Sajan Shaikh ◽  
Mir Aftab Hussain Talpur
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Transportation Policy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Compound Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spatial Maps

Considering the importance of road safety, as discussed in the agenda of World Health Organization-2030; this study folds motorization and under-reporting of road accidents in Punjab, Pakistan. The objectives of the study are selected as 1) identifying the motorization in Punjab; 2) synthesizing the vehicles dominance by preparing spatial maps on the basis of their types; 3) identifying the evidence of under-reporting of road accidents. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of different vehicles were estimated, and spatial maps were generated using ArcGIS to demonstrate the spatial distribution of vehicles (CAGR). Results indicated the potential impact of geographical locations on the CAGR of vehicles. The CAGR of registered vehicles was recorded as: 2.73% to 9.93% for Cars; 12.63% to 18.94% for Motorcycles; 9.35% to 24.1% for Rickshaws; 0.74% to 7.29% for Trucks and 5.25% to 14.42% for Vans. On the other hand, the CAGR of road length varied from 0.35% to 12.03% that illustrated the alarming situation of increased motorization. Sluggish infrastructural development and the huge recorded difference in CAGR can be categorized as the possible causes of immense road accidents. By comparing reported road accidents with Punjab Emergency Service (PES) estimations; the average rate of annual under-reported road accidents was found as 62.6% that also showed variations, according to different administrative regions of the Punjab province. Study findings suggests that the development of effective transportation policy, focusing road safety may help Pakistan to curtail road accidents and induce free-flow of traffic.

scholarly journals An IoT Architecture for Assessing Road Safety in Smart Cities

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd-Elhamid M. Taha
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

The Safe System (SS) approach to road safety emphasizes safety-by-design through ensuring safe vehicles, road networks, and road users. With a strong motivation from the World Health Organization (WHO), this approach is increasingly adopted worldwide. Considerations in SS, however, are made for the medium-to-long term. Our interest in this work is to complement the approach with a short-to-medium term dynamic assessment of road safety. Toward this end, we introduce a novel, cost-effective Internet of Things (IoT) architecture that facilitates the realization of a robust and dynamic computational core in assessing the safety of a road network and its elements. In doing so, we introduce a new, meaningful, and scalable metric for assessing road safety. We also showcase the use of machine learning in the design of the metric computation core through a novel application of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Finally, the impact of the proposed architecture is demonstrated through an application to safety-based route planning.

scholarly journals Time is of the essence: exploring a measles outbreak response vaccination in Niamey, Niger

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (18) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.F Grais ◽  
A.J.K Conlan ◽  
M.J Ferrari ◽  
A Djibo ◽  
A Le Menach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Setting ◽  
World Health ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Individual Based Simulation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Impact

The current World Health Organization recommendations for response during measles epidemics focus on case management rather than outbreak response vaccination (ORV) campaigns, which may occur too late to impact morbidity and mortality and have a high cost per case prevented. Here, we explore the potential impact of an ORV campaign conducted during the 2003–2004 measles epidemic in Niamey, Niger. We measured the impact of this intervention and also the potential impact of alternative strategies. Using a unique geographical, epidemiologic and demographic dataset collected during the epidemic, we developed an individual-based simulation model. We estimate that a median of 7.6% [4.9–8.9] of cases were potentially averted as a result of the outbreak response, which vaccinated approximately 57% (84 563 of an estimated 148 600) of children in the target age range (6–59 months), 23 weeks after the epidemic started. We found that intervening early (up to 60 days after the start of the epidemic) and expanding the age range to all children aged 6 months to 15 years may lead to a much larger (up to 90%) reduction in the number of cases in a West African urban setting like Niamey. Our results suggest that intervening earlier even with lower target coverage (approx. 60%), but a wider age range, may be more effective than intervening later with high coverage (more than 90%) in similar settings. This has important implications for the implementation of reactive vaccination interventions as they can be highly effective if the response is fast with respect to the spread of the epidemic.

scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Content and Logistics of this Special Edition on Building and Leveraging Ecosystems and Clusters

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Boni ◽  
Moira Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Global Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus addressed the global media: “WHO has been assessing this outbreak around the clock and we are deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction. We have therefore made the assessment that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic.”1 While the existence, transmissibility, treatment, and potential impact of severe acute respiratory coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 were real questions since the virus was first recognized in December, 2019,2 much of the media coverage was driven by global public health concerns and international/national political posturing. However, it was a different date that catalyzed commercial biotechnology.

scholarly journals Road Safety in Dhaka: Challenge for Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Shadika Haque Monia
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Road Users

Road safety refers to the idea of methods and solutions to protect road users from being injured or killed in road accidents. Road users include pedestrians, cyclists, rickshaw and van drivers, and riders of public transport systems such as buses, trams, etc. According to the World Health Organization, more than one million people die in road accidents every year and about 50 million people are injured. Road accidents are identified as one of the major obstacles to sustainable development in Bangladesh. In developing countries such as Bangladesh Road, Safety is much lower in developing or underdeveloped countries and the rate of casualties in road accidents is much higher than in developed countries. The scenario is getting serious day by day. Therefore, Dhaka City has been witnessing tremendous growth in population and physical expansion. This study uses the qualitative research theory and the idea of sustainable development as analytical tools. The research was conducted to analyze and discuss road safety in Dhaka. The research method used in the research is descriptive qualitative research with various primary and secondary sources of the studies. This research resulted in the various aspects of road safety in Bangladesh. The differences between theory and practice, domestic legal arrangements as well judicial decisions.

Abstract T MP96: Trends and Variation in Inpatient Discharge to Hospice Among High Stroke Volume Hospitals

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin P George ◽  
Adam G Kelly ◽  
Eric B Schneider ◽  
Robert G Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hospice Care ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Compound Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Hospital Variation

Background: In recent years, individuals with acute ischemic stroke accounted for approximately 4% of all inpatients discharged to hospice, yet little is known about current practices and trends in discharge to hospice care for stroke admissions within US hospitals. Methods: We examined rates of hospice discharge for adult acute ischemic stroke patients admitted to acute care facilities in the top quartile of annual stroke volume between 2001 and 2010 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. These high volume hospitals account for nearly 75% of stroke admissions in the dataset. Only those with available information on hospice discharge were considered. Compound annual growth rate was used to examine changes in utilization over time. Hospice trends were evaluated using the Cochran-Armitage test. Results: Among 1,935 high volume hospitals there were 455,372 hospitalizations for acute ischemic stroke from 2001 to 2010, 12,036 (2.6%) of which were discharged to hospice (30% to home; 70% to medical facility). The absolute number of discharges to hospice care grew at 29% per year over the ten-year period (P Trend<0.001). Discharge rates to hospice care per 100 stroke admissions increased from an average of 0.5 (SD=1.3) in 2001 to 4.3 (SD=3.0) in 2010 (P Trend<0.001). Inter-hospital variation in rates of hospice discharge remained large from year to year, and ranged from zero to 15.6 per 100 stroke admissions (Median=3.8; Interquartile Range=3.7) in 2010. Conclusions: The average rate of discharge to hospice care for acute ischemic stroke inpatients admitted to high volume hospitals has grown substantially in the past decade; variation in this practice across these hospitals remains large.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of a Biosimilar Trastuzumab

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. López-Morales ◽  
Mariana P. Miranda-Hernández ◽  
L. Carmina Juárez-Bayardo ◽  
Nancy D. Ramírez-Ibáñez ◽  
Alexis J. Romero-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Product ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Comparability Exercise ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

According to the World Health Organization, the incidence of malignant neoplasms and endocrine, blood, and immune disorders will increase in the upcoming decades along with the demand of affordable treatments. In response to this need, the development of biosimilar drugs is increasing worldwide. The approval of biosimilars relies on the compliance with international guidelines, starting with the demonstration of similarity in their physicochemical and functional properties against the reference product. Subsequent clinical studies are performed to demonstrate similar pharmacological behavior and to diminish the uncertainty related to their safety and efficacy. Herein we present a comparability exercise between a biosimilar trastuzumab and its reference product, by using a hierarchical strategy with an orthogonal approach, to assess the physicochemical and biological attributes with potential impact on its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity. Our results showed that the high degree of similarity in the physicochemical attributes of the biosimilar trastuzumab with respect to the reference product resulted in comparable biological activity, demonstrating that a controlled process is able to provide consistently the expected product. These results also constitute the basis for the design of subsequent delimited pharmacological studies, as they diminish the uncertainty of exhibiting different profiles.

scholarly journals Food consumption as an indicator of the conservation of natural resources in riverine communities of the Brazilian Amazon

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 2229-2242 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTORIA J. ISAAC ◽  
MORGANA C. ALMEIDA ◽  
TOMMASO GIARRIZZO ◽  
CLAUDIA P. DEUS ◽  
ROZEILZA VALE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
World Health ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Yearly Rate

ABSTRACT The present study analyzed and compared the daily consumption of foods of animal origin in eleven communities of the Lower Amazon, Trombetas and Purus Rivers, representing three different management systems and levels of conservation in the Brazilian Amazon. All food items of animal origin were weighed by at least 10% of the families in the study communities during a week in each period of the flood cycle between 2006 and 2008. Fish was the most important food, and was consumed during six days of the week, with an average rate of 169 kg.person-1.year-1. Game was second in importance, with 37 kg.person-1.year-1. This yearly rate of fish consumption is one of the highest in the world and is almost double the minimum recommended by the World Health Organization. The dietary patterns reflect both the isolation of the communities from large urban centers and the better preservation of the local environments due to the existence of protected areas. Environmental degradation may thus have effects on the health and food security of local populations. The study emphasizes the need for the implementation of public policies and participative management initiatives.

scholarly journals Children road traffic injuries in Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Goniewicz ◽  
Mariusz Goniewicz ◽  
Witold Pawłowski ◽  
Piotr Fiedor
Keyword(s):  
Birth Defects ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
World Health ◽  
Road Traffic Injuries ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractRoad traffic injuries are the leading cause of child mortality in Poland, resulting in more deaths than cancer or birth defects. We present the main problems of road safety and the nature of the causes and consequences of accidents among children based on the World Health Organization Report. Children injuries are one of the main problems in modern medicine requiring vigorous and preventive actions. Children of all ages should be intensively involved in the educational activities related to road safety. Raising awareness concerning the risks associated with children’s participation in traffic as well as the awareness of parents and carers can greatly reduce the number of accidents.

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