scholarly journals An Empirical Investigation on the Role of exports, imports and its Determinants in Foreign Trade of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6(I)) ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Gulzar Ali ◽  
Zhaohua Li
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Financial Pressure ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
In The Beginning

Abstract: Foreign trade was restrained by fluctuations and depreciations in currencies, nations were under financial pressure to implement protection measures in form of custom duties tariffs. These theories and thoughts have enormous impact on rules and policies of global trade throughout the world. To adopt economic liberalization and free trade zones nations all over the world are connected through number of agreements since last few centuries. In this revolutionized economic system, nations allow free trading of merchandise and services and at the same time don't have to impose tariff in form of import and exports duties. This study attempted to empirically evaluate the role of imports, exports and its determinants in foreign trade of Pakistan applied ARDL Approach for the period of 1972-2015. The study recommends that economies with significant competitiveness and comparative advantage will be greatly benefited from export promoting policies. As far as trade partners are concerned, no considerable efforts have been done to explore new markets in direction of Pakistan's foreign trade since its independence. The key trading partners of Pakistan in the beginning were the developed countries of West and still they are main trading partners of Pakistan.

Role of Forensic Nurses in the mortuary and postmortem examination

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
RK. Gorea
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Forensic Nursing ◽  
Nursing Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
The Developed Countries

Forensic nursing science is a developing at a fast pace in the developed countries of the world and the forensic nurses have gained valuable roles in the different departments. Mortuary services are often in a state of neglect in the developing countries especially the postmortem examination. Mainly this is due to lack of assistance to forensic physicians by educated and trained professionals. Forensic nurses can do a variety of roles to improve the functioning of the mortuaries. Role of forensic nurses in the postmortem examination and upkeep of the mortuaries is essential and it is emphasized that forensic nurses can play a very pivotal role in the functioning of the mortuaries.

scholarly journals Content and Functional Purpose of the Duty in Modern Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
Halyna B. Pohrishchuk ◽  
Ruslan Ye. Voloshchuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Trade Activity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Functional Purpose

The duty as a source of budget formation and a regulator of foreign trade activity contributes to improving the macroeconomic situation and the state's entry into the international trade community. Therefore, the study of the essence and functional purpose of the duty becomes particularly relevant since it makes it possible to increase the efficiency of its functioning in modern conditions. The purpose of the study is to consider the tax and foreign trade nature of the duty, establish its essence and specific characteristics, identify the main functions and substantiate changes in the roles of duty functions in modern conditions. The specifics of the scientific tasks that make up the subject of research required the use of a set of special methods (general scientific and private scientific, theoretical and empirical), the use of which helped identifying the content of the duty, consider its functional purpose and establish the reasons for the weakening of the role of duty functions in different countries of the world. In the course of the study, two approaches to the interpretation of the essence of duty were established: as a tax and as a specific foreign trade payment. The author's definition of the duty was proposed and its main essential characteristics were clarified. It has been established that there are no unified approaches to the definition of duty functions in the scientific literature, and only two main ones (fiscal and regulatory) are substantiated. It was also covered that due to the entry of most countries into the World Trade Organisation and the establishment of restrictions on the growth of customs rates, the regulatory function of the duty is weakening. It was established that in developed countries, due to international restrictions on the application of custom rates, the role of the fiscal function of duty has decreased. It was determined that in less developed countries, in conditions of limited budget revenue sources, the fiscal function of duty continues to be the main one. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that clarifying the content and functions of duty in modern conditions makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of customs tariff regulation to protect national interests during the intensification of international integration processes

scholarly journals The role of inflammation in the development of metabolic disorders in patients with arterial hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
L. V. Zhuravlyova ◽  
M. V. Kulikova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

In recent years, the comorbid course of cardiovascular diseases, primarily arterial hypertension with impaired carbohydrate tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus, is becoming increasingly important in the developed countries of the world. In this regard, the need for a more detailed study of the general mechanisms of the development of arterial hypertension, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, namely inflammation, is increasing. There are many studies that investigate the role of inflammation in hypertension and associated glucometabolic disorders, but the exact mechanisms by which activated immune cells lead to the development and maintenance of these conditions remain to be seen. Obtaining new data in this area may contribute to a deeper understanding of cardiometabolic disorder pathogenesis. It may allow to predict the progression of these disorders at the early stages and to develop effective preventive and therapeutic tactics for their correction.

scholarly journals Some aspects of the role of agricultural production for sustainable development of the state

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 02033
Author(s):  
Victor Malkerov
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

The author draws attention to the development of crisis phenomena in most of the developed countries of the world. Possible scenarios for resolving the growing crisis contradictions are briefly analyzed. It is noted that quite serious armed conflicts are not excluded, in which a drop in the standard of living of the population of many countries of the world is inevitable. It is noted that in this scenario, the developed agriculture will contribute to the minimum inevitable losses among the population of those countries that will be involved in the conflict. In a scenario in which armed clashes will not be a serious enough problem for developed countries, there will be a problem of a decrease in the number of the indigenous population of these countries, their replacement by a population with other cultural traditions, or, in general, a critical decrease in population density. The author analyzes the reasons for this phenomenon and comes to the conclusion that it is possible to reverse the current trend by involving the population in the development of agriculture on modern principles.

scholarly journals ROLE OF STATE REGULATION IN OVERCOMING THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(39)) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Oleg M. Chechel
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Negative Phenomena

The article examines the issues related to state regulation of the economy during the crisis, considered the problems of determining the feasibility and effects of state regulation in times of crisis, proved that the market economy, due to its inherent weaknesses, is prone to causing the crisis. This process is objective and cyclical. In the past decade, the number of crises, including the world, has increased significantly, which is associated with the growth of the financial sector. Permanent repetition of negative developments in the financial system and has a direct impact on the economy, which proves the need to strengthen state regulation in this sphere. The methods that can be used by different countries, in order to overcome the crisis in the economy was analyzed. It is proved that the administrative methods of crisis management, as a rule, are used in countries where market laws are not effective enough. In turn, in the economically more developed countries are used market-based instruments of crisis management. The features of state regulation of economy in some countries during the recent global economic crisis was investigated. It was found that, in spite of such a list of measures to counter the crisis in the developed countries, they have some differences, primarily related to the specific characteristics and structure of the economy. It was determined that in all the years of independence, the national economy has repeatedly been in crisis, at the same time, even though the experience gained so far has not created an effective mechanism to counter these negative phenomena.

scholarly journals Drug Management in Crisis and Disaster in Selected Countries and Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadegh Mohebby ◽  
Kamran Hajinabi ◽  
Mahmoud Mahmoudi Majdabadi ◽  
Seyed Jamaledin Tabibi
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Drug Management ◽  
Related Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Care Applications ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Medical Healthcare

Introduction: Iran is one of the seven countries in the world with natural disaster distress. Moreover, due to its geopolitical situation and strategic importance, it has always been invaded by neighbors or the developed countries. Medical healthcare of the injured people and distributing medicine in the beginning hours of the disasters and crises have great roles in decreasing pain, fetal injuries and increase in the healing and the survival of the injured. In the present study, to evaluate the defects in drug distribution and necessary health care applications during disasters, the corresponding research in Iran and selected countries have been presented to discuss damages resulted by mismanagements during crises . Methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar and Iranian databases were searched about crisis management with “management”, “medicine”, ‘drug”, “crisis” and “disaster” as keywords individually and in combination. Results: The efforts during disasters, the shortcomings and defects were evaluated. The related data in some countries were also reviewed and the viewpoints for drug management in disasters and crises in Iran were presented. Conclusion: Regarding the damages caused by drug deficiency and the importance of well-organized drug management, it will be possible to save peoples life by efficient drug management and well-planned distribution of medications during natural and man-made disasters.

scholarly journals Integration Processes of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the World Economy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin İsmayilov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Developed Countries

The article deals with the economic development characteristics of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the natural resources and production of Azerbaijan. After the independence, the policy of the new market economy followed by the Azerbaijani state and government and plans of how the developed countries will integrate their economic practice will be examined. With the new investments in the country and the introduction of the products to be produced in the world markets, the steps and plans to strengthen the economic relations with the world will be discussed. The role of Azerbaijan in the world economy, its foreign-economic relations with other states and continents were analyzed extensively. Proposals have been made to further develop and upgrade existing economic relations.

scholarly journals PRIORITIES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

ASJ. ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (48) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
A. Bejsenov ◽  
Sh. Abzhalelova
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Developed Countries

The use of a systematic approach in the formation of innovation policy in the developed countries of the world has acquired paramount importance, especially against the background of such modern trends in the development of the world economy:- competition for high-quality human capital is becoming the most important characteristic of global innovative development, the growing mobility of highly qualified personnel also ensures processesdissemination of knowledge;- the role of information technologies in the process of spreading knowledge is becoming more and more relevant for the further growth of innovative activity, the processes of spreading knowledge have gone beyond the limits of individual economies;- globalization forces companies to compete at ever higher levels of technology and at the same time stimulates the processes of specialization and localization of innovations.

How to Assure Stable Development in Unstable Financial Environment?

2007 ◽  
pp. 4-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Liquidity ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Russian Stock Market ◽  
Stable Development ◽  
Financial Environment

Growing involvement of Russian economy in international economic sphere increases the role of external risks. Financial problems which the developed countries are encountered with today result in volatility of Russian stock market, liquidity problems for banks, unstable prices. These factors in total may put longer-term prospects of economic growth in jeopardy. Monetary, foreign exchange and stock market mechanisms become the centerpiece of economic policy approaches which should provide for stable development in the shaky environment.

OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF LOBISTRY ACTIVITY IN UKRAINE: REALITIES TODAY AND EVOLUTIONARY FORECAST

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 329-339
Author(s):  
Tikhon Sergeyevich Yarovoy
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Interests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Industrial Groups

The article is devoted to the research of goals and functions of lobbying activity. The author has processed the ideas of domestic and foreign scientists, proposed his own approaches to the definition of goals and functions of lobbying activities through the prism of public administration. As a result, a generalized vision of the goals and functions of lobbying activities as interrelated elements of the lobbying system was proposed, and a forecast for further evolution of the goals and functions of domestic lobbying was provided. The analysis of lobbying functions allowed us to notice the tendencies in shifting the goals of this activity. If the objectives were fully covered by functions such as mediation between citizens and the state, the information function and the function of organizing plurality of public interests, then the role of strengthening the self-organization of civil society and the function of compromise become increasingly important in the process of formation in the developed countries of civil society and the development of telecommunication technologies. Ukrainian lobbyism will not be left to the side of this process. Already, politicians of the highest level, leaders of financial and industrial groups have to act, adjust their goals (even if they are — declared), taking into account the reaction of the public. In the future, this trend will only increase. The analysis of current research and political events provides all grounds for believing that, while proper regulatory legislation is being formed in Ukraine, the goals and functions of domestic lobbying will essentially shift towards a compromise with the public. It is noted that in spite of the existence of a basic direction of action, lobbying may have several ramified goals. Guided by the goals set, lobbyism can manifest itself in various spheres of the political system of society, combining the closely intertwined interests of various actors in the lobbying process, or even — contrasting them.

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