The effect of different tillage systems upon some microorganisms

The aim of this research was to establish the influence of two tillage systems: one without ploughing, and one with conventional tillage, upon soil microorganisms. The experiment was carried out on the farm of Brezovo, in two variants - control, with applied conventional tillage and a second variant – without ploughing, on an area of 200 dk for each variant. The soil type of the field is sandy - clay, with medium to high cation exchange capacity. The nitrate nitrogen content was determined colometrically and spectrophotometrically for phosphorus and potassium. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen was measured twice - before sowing and during harvest time. The amount of total bacterial and fungal microflora, as well as the ratio of active bacteria and fungi was monitored. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the numbers of the total bacteria and fungi is higher in the variant without ploughing, compared to the control sample. The same trend is maintained in the quantitative ratio of active fungi and bacteria. Reduced tillage systems create better conditions for the development of the studied groups of microorganisms, compared to conventional cultivation technologies.

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Soil microbial biomass and diversity respond to tillage and sulphur fertilizers

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s01-010 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (5) ◽

pp. 577-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

N. Z. Lupwayi ◽

M. A. Monreal ◽

G. W. Clayton ◽

C. A. Grant ◽

A. M. Johnston ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Microbial Diversity ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Soil Microbial Biomass ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Bulk Soil ◽

Zero Tillage ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Soil Microbial

There is little information on the effects of S management strategies on soil microorganisms under zero tillage systems o n the North American Prairies. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of tillage and source and placement of S on soil microbial biomass (substrate induced respiration) and functional diversity (substrate utilization patterns) in a canola-wheat rotation under conventional and zero tillage systems at three sites in Gray Luvisolic and Black Chernozemic soils. Conventional tillage significantly reduced microbial biomass and diversity on an acidic and C-poor Luvisolic soil, but it had mostly no significant effects on the near-neutral, C-rich Luvisolic and Chernozemic soils, which underlines the importance of soil C in maintaining a healthy soil. Sulphur had no significant effects on soil microbial biomass, and its effects on microbial diversity were more frequent on the near-neutral Luvisol, which was more S-deficient, than on the acidic Luvisol or the Chernozem. Significant S effects on microbial diversity were observed both in the bulk soil (negative effects, compared with the control) and rhizosphere (positive effects) of the acidic Luvisol, but all significant effects (positive) were observed in root rhizospheres in the other soils. Sulphur by tillage interactions on acidic Luvisolic soil indicated that the negative effects of S in bulk soil occurred mostly under zero tillage, presumably because the fertilizer is concentrated in a smaller volume of soil than under conventional tillage. Sulphate S effects, either negative or positive, on microbial diversity were usually greater than elemental S effects. Therefore, S application can have direct, deleterious effects on soil microorganisms or indirect, beneficial effects through crop growth, the latter presumably due to increased root exudation in the rhizosphere of healthy crops. Key Words: Biolog, conservation tillage, microbial biodiversity, rhizosphere, soil biological quality, S fertilizer type and placement

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Examination of the physical state of the soil under conventional and reduced tillage systems

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/51/2087 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 183-186

Author(s):

Géza Tuba

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Deep Soil ◽

Tillage Systems

he effect of reduced and conventional tillage systems on soil compaction and moisture content in two years with extreme weather conditions is introduced in this paper. The investigations were carried out in a long-term soil cultivation experiment set on a heavy textured meadow chernozem soil at the Karcag Research Institute. In 2010 the amount of precipitation during the vegetation period of winter wheat was 623.3 mm, 2.2 times higher than the 50-year average, while in 2011 this value was 188.7 mm giving only 65% of the average. The examinations were made after harvest on stubbles on 4 test plots in 5 replications in the case of each tillage system. Soil compaction was characterised by penetration resistance values, while the actual soil moisture contents were determined by gravimetry. The values of penetration resistance and soil moisture content of the cultivated soil layer were better in the case of reduced tillage under extreme precipitation conditions. It could be established that regular application of deep soil loosening is essential due to the formation of the unfavourable compact soil layer under 30 cm. Conventional tillage resulted in enhanced compaction under the depth of ploughing, the penetration resistance can reach the value of 4 MPa under wet, while even 8 MPa under dry soil status.

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Effect of Cultural Practices on Weed Control and Crop Response in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Rice

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-05-099r.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 249-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ronald J. Levy ◽

Jason A. Bond ◽

Eric P. Webster ◽

James L. Griffin ◽

Steven D. Linscombe

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Field Research ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Red Rice ◽

Crop Response ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Seed Harvest

Field research was conducted for 3 yr to evaluate crop response and weed control under conventional and reduced tillage in drill- and water-seeded imidazolinone-tolerant (IT) rice culture. Imazethapyr was applied at 70 g ai/ha PRE followed by (fb) imazethapyr at 70 g/ha applied POST to three- to four-leaf rice or at 105 g/ha PRE fb 70 g/ha POST. In both conventional and reduced tillage systems, imazethapyr applied PRE fb POST at 70 g ai/ha controlled red rice, barnyardgrass, Amazon sprangletop, and rice flatsedge 87 to 99% 35 d after POST treatment (DAT). At 35 DAT, Indian jointvetch control with sequential applications of imazethapyr was as high as 70% in water-seeded rice but no more than 54% in drill-seeded rice. Tillage, seeding method, and imazethapyr rate had no effect on days to 50% heading, seeds per panicle, seed weight per panicle, or percentage of seed harvest. However, a reduction of 27% in days to 50% heading, 80% in seeds per panicle, 84% in seed weight per panicle, and 100% in percentage seed harvest index occurred when imazethapyr was not applied because of weed interference. Culm number was reduced 28%, and culm weight 32% under reduced tillage compared with conventional tillage. With sequential applications of imazethapyr at 70 g/ha, rice yield was 63% greater when rice was water-seeded compared with drill-seeded. No differences in tillage systems for weed control, days to 50% heading, seed number, seed weight per panicle, percent seed, panicle height, lodging, or yield were observed. Results of these experiments demonstrate imazethapyr will effectively control weeds in both water- and drill-seeded rice and that reduced tillage can be used without negatively affecting rice production.

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Reduced Rates of Herbicides Following Hilling Controlled Weeds in Conventional and Reduced Tillage Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Production

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x0004001x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 311-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robin R. Bellinder ◽

Russell W. Wallace ◽

Erik D. Wilkins

Keyword(s):

Solanum Tuberosum ◽

Weed Control ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Split Application ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Herbicide Treatment

Time of hilling (4, 5, or 6 weeks after planting; WAP) and 0.5x, 1x, and split (0.5x + 0.5x) rates of metolachlor + metribuzin were evaluated in conventional tillage (CT) and rye-stubble, reduced tillage (RT) potato plots. Weed populations 4 to 10 WAP were generally higher in CT than in RT. Weed control was excellent in both tillage systems when 1x rates of metolachlor + metribuzin were applied delayed preemergence, or in a split application where 0.5x was applied delayed PRE and hilled 6 WAP, and followed with a second application of 0.5x metolachlor + metribuzin 7 days after hilling (DAH). Weed control with 0.5x rates of metolachlor + metribuzin applied 7 DAH, when hilled 4 and 5 WAP, was equivalent to the lx and split-rate treatments. Weed control was reduced only when hilling was delayed to 6 WAP and 0.5x of metolachlor + metribuzin applied 7 DAH. Total yields were not influenced by tillage, hilling, or herbicide treatment, however, larger numbers of green and small-sized tubers reduced marketable yields in RT.

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EFFECT OF REDUCED TILLAGE AND MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON MAIZE AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTIVITY

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479711000895 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 159-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

J. KIHARA ◽

A. BATIONO ◽

B. WASWA ◽

J. M. KIMETU ◽

B. VANLAUWE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Residue ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Cropping System ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Residue Management ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage System ◽

Continuous Maize

SUMMARYReduced tillage is said to be one of the potential ways to reverse land degradation and ultimately increase the productivity of degrading soils of Africa. We hypothesised that crop yield following a modest application of 2 t ha−1 of crop residue in a reduced tillage system is similar to the yield obtained from a conventional tillage system, and that incorporation of legumes in a cropping system leads to greater economic benefits as opposed to a cropping system involving continuous maize. Three cropping systems (continuous maize monocropping, legume/maize intercropping and rotation) under different tillage and residue management systems were tested in sub-humid western Kenya over 10 seasons. While soybean performed equally well in both tillage systems throughout, maize yield was lower in reduced than conventional tillage during the first five seasons but no significant differences were observed after season 6. Likewise, with crop residue application, yields in conventional and reduced tillage systems are comparable after season 6. Nitrogen and phosphorus increased yield by up to 100% compared with control. Gross margins were not significantly different among the cropping systems being only 6 to 39% more in the legume–cereal systems relative to similar treatments in continuous cereal monocropping system. After 10 seasons of reduced tillage production, the economic benefits for our cropping systems are still not attractive for a switch from the conventional to reduced tillage.

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Investigation of soils of stubbles of winter wheat and winter peas in conventional and reduced tillage systems

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/67/1761 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 95-99

Author(s):

Géza Tuba ◽

Györgyi Kovács ◽

József Zsembeli

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Clay Content ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Positive Effects

The effect of reduced and conventional tillage on soil compaction, soil moisture status and carbon-dioxide emission of the soil was studied on a meadow chernozem soil with high clay content in the soil cultivation experiment started in 1997 at Karcag Research Institute. Our investigations were done on stubbles after the harvest of winter wheat and winter peas after the very droughty vegetation period of 2014/2015. We established that the soil in both tillage systems was dry and compacted and the CO2-emission was very low. The positive effects of reduced tillage could be figured out only in the soil layer of 40–60 cm in the given weather conditions of that period.

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Zone tillage systems for onion and carrot production on muck soils

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p03-166 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 1167-1169 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. J. Swanton ◽

S. Janse ◽

K. Chandler ◽

B. D. Booth

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Allium Cepa ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Viable Alternative ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Allium Cepa L

This study examined whether zone tillage was a viable alternative to conventional tillage for carrot [Daucus carota L. var. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.] and onion (Allium cepa L.) production on muck soils. Total and marketable yields under zone tillage were e qual to (carrot) or greater than (onion) yields under conventional tillage. Carrot yields did not differ between raised and flat bed treatments. Key words: Reduced tillage, conventional tillage, Daucus carota L. var. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.); Allium cepa L.

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Impact of Agronomic Practices on Weed Communities: Tillage Systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500052127 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 409-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 172

Author(s):

Douglas A. Derksen ◽

Guy P. Lafond ◽

A. Gordon Thomas ◽

Heather A. Loeppky ◽

Clarence J. Swanton

Keyword(s):

Community Composition ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Time Frame ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Weed Communities

Adverse changes in weed communities are a limiting factor for the adoption of conservation tillage practices. Predictions of an increased association of annual and perennial grasses, perennial dicot weeds, wind-disseminated species, and volunteer crops as weeds, and decreased association of annual dicot weeds in reduced-tillage systems were tested. Field experiments involving zero-, minimum-, and conventional-tillage systems were conducted in Saskatchewan from 1986 to 1990 at Ituna and Waldron, and from 1986 to 1988 at Tadmore. Weed community composition was analyzed for years 1988 to 1990 by canonical discriminant analysis. An increased association of perennial and annual grasses with zero tillage did not generally occur. Wind-dispersed species and volunteer crops were associated with reduced tillage and summer annual dicots with conventional tillage, but exceptions occurred. Species responded differently among sites or within a site over time. Within the time frame of this research, changes in weed communities were influenced more by location and year than by tillage systems, indicating fluctuational rather than directional or consistent changes in community composition.

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Relationships Between Tillage and Spatial Patterns of Heterodera glycines

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2001.91.6.534 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 534-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Walber L. Gavassoni ◽

Gregory L. Tylka ◽

Gary P. Munkvold

Keyword(s):

Spatial Patterns ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Heterodera Glycines ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

No Tillage ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Tillage Practices ◽

Tillage Treatment ◽

Ridge Tillage

The dynamics of Heterodera glycines spatial patterns were studied under different tillage systems in two naturally infested soybean fields in Iowa from 1994 to 1997. At each location, there were four different tillage treatments (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, ridge tillage, and no tillage). Soil samples were taken from 98 contiguous quadrats (5.2 m2) per plot in the fall of 1994, before any tillage was performed, and in the spring of the following 3 years shortly after planting. Cysts were extracted from soil samples by elutriation and counted, and eggs were extracted from cysts and enumerated. Spatial patterns of H. glycines populations were characterized by geostatistical analysis and variance-to-mean (VM) ratios. Semivariance values were calculated for cyst and egg densities and semivariograms were constructed. In general, there was greater spatial dependence among cyst populations than egg populations. In one field with a strongly aggregated initial H. glycines population, tillage practices resulted in changes in spatial patterns of H. glycines populations, characterized by spherical-model semivariogram parameters (sill, nugget effect, and range of spatial dependence). These parameters indicated increasing aggregation over time in no tillage and ridge tillage treatments, but decreasing aggregation in reduced and conventional tillage treatments. There was an increase of 350% in sill values (maximum semivariance) for cyst populations after 3 years of no tillage, but in the conventional tillage treatment, sill values remained unchanged or decreased over time as tillage was implemented. Semivariograms for cyst and egg population densities revealed strong anisotropy (directional spatial dependence) along soybean rows, coincident with the direction of tillage practices. VM ratios for cyst counts increased each year in the no tillage and ridge tillage treatments, but decreased for 2 years in reduced tillage and conventional tillage treatments. Final VM ratios for cyst and egg counts were highest in the no tillage treatment. In a second field, with low initial aggregation of H. glycines populations, there was little measurable change in semivariogram parameters after 3 years of no tillage, but in the conventional tillage treatment, populations became less aggregated, as the range, sill, and the proportion of the sill explained by spatial dependence decreased for cyst population densities. Our results indicated that in soybean fields with initially aggregated populations of H. glycines, no tillage and ridge tillage systems promoted aggregation of the nematode population, whereas conventional and reduced tillage systems resulted in a less aggregated spatial pattern.

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Atrazine Carryover in Soil in a Reduced Tillage Crop Production System

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500061464 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 661-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

O. C. Burnside ◽

G. A. Wicks

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Production Systems ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Field Bioassay ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Soil Persistence ◽

Row Crop ◽

A Minor

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino)-s-triazine] carryover under reduced or no-till row crop production systems was measured by planting oats (Avena sativaL.) the following year as a field bioassay during 1970 through 1976 at Lincoln and North Platte, Nebraska. Oat yields indicate that soil persistence of normal-use rates of atrazine into the subsequent year is only a minor residue problem under reduced tillage cropping systems. Atrazine carryover in soil was less of a problem under these reduced tillage systems as compared with prior experiments with conventional tillage systems across Nebraska.

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