scholarly journals POVERTY IN RURAL AREAS: AN OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Sławomir Kalinowski

This article is an attempt to determine the level of poverty in rural areas in Poland. The author reviewed the most important publications on poverty and the indicators that determine its scale. Relative, objective and subjective poverty lines were used to present the range of rural poverty against the background of total poverty. Analyses showed that the at-risk-of-poverty rate for rural areas in Poland amounted to 21.2%. This means that almost every fifth rural resident is at risk of poverty, whereas every tenth resident is at risk of extreme poverty. The article also presents the rural areas in Poland which are at the highest risk of social exclusion. These areas were distinguished on the basis of the number of registered families receiving social benefits. Both Eurostat (EU-SILC) and Local Data Bank of the Statistics Poland (BDL GUS) were used.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Irina Bancescu

Rural areas in Romania are underdeveloped, with the main economic activity being agriculture. Urban-rural income gap and poverty levels are indicative of an underdeveloped rural area. Urban-rural absolute income gap for average monthly income increased from 352 RON in 2007 to 663 RON in 2017. Moreover, the work poverty rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Economic rural development can be achieved by improvements of the labour market and introduction of new value-added products. Agricultural and non-agricultural activities are dependent on each other for a successful rural development leading to poverty alleviation. An industry that combines the two types of economic activities is agriculture biomaterial industry. In this paper, the authos investigates the factors influencing rural poverty and analyses the current stage of the bioplastics market in Romania and its economic implications. Bioplastics industry can reduce urban-rural income gaps and poverty in rural areas.


2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Dolata ◽  
Magdalena Jaworska ◽  
Magdalena Jaworska

The purpose of this paper is to assess the leveland spatial differentiation of selected environmental governanceparameters in the context of implementing the sustainabledevelopment concept in rural areas of the Wielkopolskievoivodeship districts in 2005 and 2015. The research procedurewas made up of three steps: review of the relevant literatureand selection of indicators to describe the environmentalgovernance topics; analyzing the changes in, and spatial differentiationof, specific environmental governance components;and ranking the districts. The basic source of data wasthe online database delivered by the Central Statistical Officein Warsaw, the Local Data Bank. As shown by the results,there is considerable spatial differentiation of specific environmentalgovernance components; however, when analyzedglobally, environmental governance proves to be a relativelynon-diversified process. In 2015, the highest sustainabilitylevels were recorded in rural areas of the following districts:Złotów, Kępno and Jarocin. In turn, the lowest levels werefound in Września, Wągrowiec and Śrem districts.


Author(s):  
Maria Klonowska-Matynia

The paper aimed to examine the level and asses the spatial distribution of human capital defined in the area of health quality in rural areas of the West Pomeranian province. The selected methods of multicriteria taxonomy to estimate the synthetic index HCSIh and agglomeration methods for grouping objects with a relatively homogeneous internal structure were used. It was assumed the correlation between the level of health capital HCSIh and the type of commune separated due to the component of the level of socio-economic development according to the MROW typology. The obtained results indicate uneven distribution of health capital, but they do not give grounds for accepting the verified hypothesis. The study covered rural areas of the West Pomeranian province, defined according to the CSO administrative criterion as rural and rural-urban communes. The Central Statistical Office Local Data Bank and the Monitoring of rural areas development data were the main source.


2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Monika Mocianko-Pawlak

The article describes changes in the crime rate in Poland in the years 2004–2018 in the context of social security. The number of administrative decisions on the basis of which social benefits were granted and changes in the amount of the paid benefits were considered. The aim of the paper is to establish the correlation between the number of beneficiaries of social benefits and the total amount of these benefits, and the crime rate in Poland. The data used in the study come from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland and comprise the number of people who were granted a social benefit and the amount of benefits paid from voivodship budgets. The study was also based on data from the National Police Headquarters relating to the number and category of committed crimes in particular voivodships. The results of the conducted research indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between the number of beneficiaries of social benefits and the crime rate. On the other hand, no correlation was detected between the amount of benefits paid from voivodship budgets and the crime rate. The analysis of the literature on the subject and the author’s own research results confirm that economic factors have an impact on the crime rate.


2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
Beata Kraszewska

The article discusses the use of cluster analysis methods to assess the differentiation of risk of poverty in the Polish subregion. On the basis of data on the labor market, wages and social care, developed on the basis of the resources of the Local Data Bank of the CSO and their variable-correlation verification, the author has defined a set of diagnostic features used to determine the cluster of sub-regions similar in terms of risk of poverty. Results were compared with the results of study work in the field of spatial diversification of estimating at-risk-of-poverty rate (ARPR) in 2011 conducted by the Small Areas Statistics Centre of the Statistical Office in Poznań in cooperation with experts from the World Bank.


2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kozera ◽  
Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn ◽  
Feliks Wysocki

Financial independence is an important factor in socio-economic development, especially in rural areas. Rural gminas (communities), mainly located peripherally to larger urban centers, have significantly lower revenue potential. This also means a lower level of financial independence of rural gminas, which in turn can be a barrier in multifunctional rural development. This issue is a priority for the European Union. The main objective of this article is a synthetic assessment of the level of financial independence of rural gminas in the Wielkopolskie voivodship in 2013. The basis of information studies, using the method TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity is an Ideal Solution) to assess the financial condition of municipalities, were data from the Central Statistical Office (Local Data Bank — Public finances for 2013) and Ministry of Finance (Indicators for assessing the financial position of local government units in 2011—2013).


Author(s):  
Paweł Siemiński ◽  
Jakub Hadyński ◽  
Walenty Poczta

The aim of this paper is to estimate, as well as analyse and assess spatial diversification in human capital resources in rural and urban areas of Poland. Studies have static nature and relate to the state of the situation in 2018 year. A synthetic index of human capital resources (IHCR) was applied, based on which a hierarchy was developed for rural and urban areas, depending on the administrative division into provinces determining the degree of their diversification in terms of their human capital resources. Human capital resources were analysed in four categories, i.e. in terms of employment, education, entrepreneurship and unemployment, using data from the Local Data Bank CSO database. Research results indicate considerable regional (spatial) diversification of rural and urban areas. We may distinguish two homogeneous classes, including urban areas with a high level of human capital development, as well as rural areas with their low level. Moreover, there is a heterogeneous group of the so-called medium level of human capital, composed of both urban and rural areas. Particularly, observed polarization in human capital resources may in the future reduce the absorption of development impulses within both national and EU development policies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Elena Zamfir

Poverty or social exclusion programs, under their multiple forms, are of decision makers' concerns at global, European, regional, and local levels. They emerge as the primary objectives of sustainable development strategies. The deepening of economic and social inequalities multiplied the risk of poverty or exclusion for highly vulnerable groups. Monitoring groups at risk of poverty and social marginalization, especially children and youth, is imperative today. Monitoring reports have been included in all country strategies and EU recommendations. In this context, measuring poverty in all its complexity using social indicators defined according to a common methodology at the European level might help identify specific cases of vulnerable persons, and provide effective support measures for groups exposed to the marginalization risk. In Romania, particular attention is paid currently to children, the group most exposed to poverty. Romania is ranked first with the highest percentage of children exposed to poverty or social exclusion, followed by Bulgaria and Greece. Finding social balance in a modern economic system presupposes promoting a highly equitable society with benefits and investments in essential sectors for equality and human development such as education, health, culture, social work, civic and political participation, etc. Sectorial social policies might increase the efficiency of social transfers for poverty or social exclusion reduction in an integrated modern vision. They might also ensure future increases in the quality of life for vulnerable groups or persons. Keywords: social policy; at-risk of poverty rate; at-risk of poverty or social exclusion; persistent poverty; severe material deprivation; economic and social inequality; social transfers. ●●●●● Programele de reducere a sărăciei sau excluziunii sociale sunt prezente în atenția decidenților politici la nivel global, european, regional și local. Ele apar ca obiective majore ale strategiilor de dezvoltare durabilă. Adâncirea masivă din ultima vreme a inegalităților economice și sociale a multiplicat riscul sărăciei sau excluziunii pentru grupurile vulnerabile. Monitorizarea situațiilor grupurilor cu risc de sărăcie și marginalizare socială, mai ales a copiilor și tinerilor, este un imperativ al prezentului. În acest context, măsurarea fenomenului sărăciei, în toată amploarea și complexitatea lui, prin indicatori sociali, clar definiți după o metodologie comună la nivel european, poate ajuta atât la identificarea cazurilor specifice de vulnerabilități cât și la stabilirea unor forme eficiente de sprijin pentru grupurile expuse riscului de marginalizare. În România, o atenție deosebită se îndreaptă cătrecopii, grupul cel mai expus sărăciei, ce a înregistrat pe perioada tranziției o rată ridicată a riscului de sărăcie sau excluziune socială. România se situează în țările membre UE pe primul loc cu procentul cel mai mare de copii expuși riscului de sărăcie sau excluziune socială. Găsirea unui echilibru social în cadrul unui sistem economic modern presupune promovarea unei societăți înalt echitabile, cu beneficii și investiții în sectoare importante pentru egalitate și dezvoltare umană precum educație, sănătate, cultură, asistență socială, participare civică și politică etc.. Politicile sociale sectoriale, doar într-o viziune integrată modernă, pot să crească eficiența transferurilor sociale înreducerea sărăciei sau excluziunii sociale. Ele trebuie să asigure în viitor o creștere a calității vieții și pentru grupuri sau persoane vulnerabile. Cuvinte-cheie: politici sociale; rata riscului de sărăcie; risc de sărăcie sau excluziune socială; sărăcie persistentă; deprivare materială severă; inegalitate economică și socială; transferuri sociale.


Author(s):  
Maria Klonowska-Matynia

The aim of the paper was to determine the level of differentiation and classification of rural areas in the Zachodniopomorskie province in terms of human capital resources defined in the field of education. The linear ordering method in the study was applied, and as a result, each spatial unit the synthetic indicator was assigned, describing the total level of the resource. It was assumed the uneven spatial distribution of human capital. The obtained results confirm: a higher level of human capital cumulating on highly urbanized areas and the occurrence of deficits on peripheral areas characterized by qualitatively low educational competences (also outside the formal). The study encompasses rural areas defined as rural and rural-urban gminas distinguished according to the GUS administrative criterion. The Regional Examination Board (OKE) in Poznan, the National Census of 2011 (NSP), the Local Data Bank of the CSO and the data of Rural Development Monitoring stage 1 were the main data source.


2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztina Jász

Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Rural Areas of Hungary The study analyses the role of - two so-called collective factors - spatiality and ethnicity in social exclusion in Hungary. Furthermore, it highlights the unfavourable effects of incorrect political decisions concerning regional development on rural poverty and exclusion in Hungary's history since the end of World War II. It suggests the need for a new practice of monitoring and focused reporting at micro-regional level, close cooperation of regional development and social policy actors in regional planning, as well as a definite commitment of local decision makers in order to reduce spatial inequalities and avoid further escalation of exclusion.


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