scholarly journals Wydatki wiejskich i miejskich gospodarstw domowych na dobra i usługi konsumpcyjne a ich ceny

2016 ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
Monika Utzig
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Consumption Goods ◽  
Expenditure Structure

The paper presents rural and urban households’ expenditures on consumption goods and services and their change in years 2006–2014. Consumption expenditure price changes in this span was also analysed with the use of Central Statistical Office’s data. In the analysed years the share of expenditure on clothing and footwear and on restaurants and hotels increased in real terms in both rural and urban households, what can be evaluated positively. Consumption expenditure structure differences between urban and rural households decreased between 2006 and 2014.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION OF RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Monika Utzig
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office

Sustainable consumption is the consumption of goods and services satisfying fundamental needs, increasing life quality, reducing resource use, degradation and pollution along the whole lifecycle of product or service. The aim of the study is to examine whether the consumption of urban households is more sustainable compared to rural ones and to identify directions of changes in this regard. The analysis was realised on the basis of Household Budget Survey conducted by the Central Statistical Office of Poland (CSO) in the span of 2006–2015. The results show that urban and rural households in Poland shift their consumption patterns towards less sustainable as well as urban households’ consumption pattern in some areas is less sustainable that urban ones.

scholarly journals INCOME INEQUALITY OF POLISH RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN 2010-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol XXII (1) ◽  
pp. 360-368
Author(s):  
Andrzej Wołoszyn ◽  
Feliks Wysocki
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Identifiable Data ◽  
Group Inequality

The aim of the study was to assess the level of income inequality of rural households against other classes of household residence: small, medium and large cities. The assessment of intra-group or internal inequality was based on Theil-L and Theil-T indices. Inter-group inequality was measured summarily by the inter-group (or ‘between’) component in the Theil decomposition, and more verbosely by income disparity analysis. Research drew on individual, non-identifiable data from the “Household Budget Survey”, carried out by the Central Statistical Office in 2010, 2015 and 2017. It was found that despite rising income, rural households were still the poorest of all residence classes and lagged far behind average Polish households. Their internal income inequality was, throughout the study period, higher than in classes of households living in small-sized and medium-sized towns. This class was also most responsible for total income inequalities in Polish households.

scholarly journals Estimating the Generation of Garden Waste in England and the Differences between Rural and Urban Areas

Resources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eades ◽  
Sigrid Kusch-Brandt ◽  
Sonia Heaven ◽  
Charles J. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Private Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Garden Waste

Garden waste arising from private households represents a major component of the biodegradable municipal waste stream. To design effective waste valorisation schemes, detailed information about garden waste is a prerequisite. While the biochemical composition of this material is well documented, there is a lack of knowledge regarding both the quantities arising, and quantities entering the services operated by waste management authorities. This work studied the quantities of garden waste arisings at urban and rural households along with the disposal methods used. A door-to-door interview survey, an analysis of kerbside collections of garden waste, and an assessment of materials brought by citizens to a waste recycling site were carried out in Hampshire, UK. If extrapolated nationally, the results indicate that households in England produce an average of 0.79 kg of garden waste per day, or 288 kg per year. On a per capita basis, this corresponds to an annual arising of 120 kg per person, out of which around 70% enters the collection schemes of the waste management authorities. The quantity generated by rural and urban households differed substantially, with rural households producing 1.96 ± 1.35 kg per day and urban households 0.64 ± 0.46 kg per day. Rural households adopted self-sufficient methods of garden waste management such as home composting or backyard burning to a much greater extent compared with urban households. Less than half of the generated rural garden waste entered services operated by the waste collection authorities, while urban households strongly relied on these services. A detailed breakdown of the disposal routes chosen by urban and rural householders can support authorities in tailoring more effective waste management schemes.

scholarly journals Household Demand Analysis for Pakistan: Recent Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Falak Sher
Keyword(s):  
Demand System ◽  
Household Demand ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Income And Price Elasticities

The objective of this study is to analyze household demand system for Pakistan by estimating various elasticities of demand. This study combines nine different rounds of Household Integrated Economic Survey data to estimate Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Household level data are supplemented with rich price information available for all the twelve months of the nine years. This approach yields efficient estimates of income and price elasticities, which are non-linear combinations of the parameters of AIDS. Standard errors for all the elasticity estimates are computed on the basis of Monte-Carlo simulations. The results show that household demand responses to income changes are similar between rural and urban households, while the response to price changes differ considerably. On average, rural households are found to be more responsive to price changes than the urban households. The study recommends that on equity grounds transport and communication and miscellaneous non-food goods and housing can be taxed more heavily as compared to other goods.

scholarly journals Poverty in Pakistan: A Region-Specific Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-163
Author(s):  
Muhammad Idrees
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Poverty Lines

Most of the earlier literature on poverty in Pakistan uses a single poverty line for the whole country or, at most, relies on a rural-urban divide. This segmentation fails to incorporate differences across provinces. This study estimates different poverty lines for the rural and urban segments of each province and region. Its estimated food, nonfood and overall poverty lines show that, with the exception of the capital territory of Islamabad, the urban poverty line is higher in all regions. The estimates of poverty show that, with the exception of Islamabad Capital Territory, rural poverty is much higher than urban poverty in all regions. We find that 25 percent of urban households and nearly 37 percent of rural households fall below the poverty lines we have defined. The study also finds that poverty measured in terms of households ignores household size and thus suppresses poverty figures.

Cecilia Tacoli (ed). The Earthscan Reader in Rural-Urban Linkages. London / Sterling, VA: Earthscan. 329 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 995.00.

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
G. M. Arif
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Impact

The linkages between ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ locations, people, and activities contribute significantly to livelihoods and act as engines of economic, social, and cultural transformation. There is an increased interest among officials and policy-makers to better understand the opportunities and constraints that these linkages offer. Divided into five parts, the fifteen chapters, of this book bring special attention to the impact of rural-urban linkages on different aspects of sustainable development. Chapter 1 presents an analysis of recent census data, with special attention to small urban centres. David Satterthwaite argus that the rural and urban divide misses the extent to which rural households rely on urban incomes, while many urban households in low-income nations rely on rural resources and a reciprocal relationship with rural households. There is a need to forget this divide and see all settlements as being within a continuum with regard to both their population size and the extent of their non-agricultural economic base.

An Economic Analysis of Food Demand in Rural and Urban Households of Tamil Nadu

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-179
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Cross Price Elasticity

Food is a basic part of our existence and nourishes the body. The Indian consumer underwent a remarkable transformation in their consumption pattern. Food consumption and expenditure on different commodities is an important area of research for economists. The NSSO data (68th round) was used to derive different demand elasticity for different food groups in Tamil Nadu. The income elasticity derived from the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System model revealed that the food group, milk and vegetables are necessary goods in rural households but luxury goods in urban households. The meat was necessary good in urban households but luxury goods in rural households. The uncompensated own price elasticity showed the demand reacted elastically to own price changes for meat, edible oils, and nuts in rural households, milk, egg, vegetables, fruits, nuts and oil in urban households. The uncompensated cross-price elasticity showed milk and beverages were substitutes in both rural and urban households. Similarly, meat and egg in rural, milk and egg, fruits and nuts in urban households were substitutes. The compensated own price elasticity showed nuts and oil in rural and urban households, meat in rural and milk, egg, vegetables and fruits in urban households, were elastic to the price change. The compensated cross-price elasticity showed, fruits, and nuts, egg and meat, meat and fish, appeared to be moderately strong substitutes, cereals and vegetables were complements in rural households, whereas vegetables and edible oils, fruits and vegetables, were substitutes, the commodity group’s fruits and nuts, milk, and egg, were complements in urban households of Tamil Nadu. The study recommended policies such as appropriate technology development to enhance the productivity of oilseeds and meticulous planning of the quantum of edible oil to be imported and rationalization of distribution of edible oils through Public Distribution System, exclusively to the households living under the poverty line to meet the growing demand for edible oil.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception toward Hazardous Medical Waste Produced at Home in a Coastal City of Karnataka, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prajna Narayan ◽  
Ankeeta Menona Jacob ◽  
Pranav Shetty ◽  
Preethika Singh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Biomedical Waste ◽  
Healthcare Waste ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
At Home

Abstract Introduction Hazardous healthcare waste produced at home contributes to approximately 0.5% of biomedical waste, and although potentially infectious, is often discarded with other domestic wastes. The study aimed to quantify and compare types and patterns of biomedical waste generated in homes and to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding biomedical waste among selected urban and rural households in the coastal area of Mangalore city in Karnataka. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in households consisting of rural and urban field practice areas of a tertiary care hospital in coastal Karnataka from November 2017 to February 2018. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding healthcare waste generated at home was assessed. Qualitative variables of the waste segregation practice, types of biomedical waste, the knowledge, perception, and attitude to practices regarding biomedical waste were expressed in percentages proportions and analyzed using SPSS v.20. Results Baby diapers were the most common hazardous waste. The number of baby diapers produced daily in rural and urban areas was 32 (42.7%) and 64 (85.3%), respectively. The urban households had better knowledge of possible hazardous healthcare waste at home, 28 (37.33%) compared with 7 (9.3%) in rural households. Seventy-one (94.7%) urban and 49 (65.3%) rural households had a favorable attitude toward the disposal of hazardous domestic biomedical waste. Conclusion The knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding hazardous healthcare waste produced at the household level were better among urban households compared with rural households.

URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES AS A MEASURE OF THEIR LEVEL OF LIVING

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (4) ◽  
pp. 195-199
Author(s):  
Monika Utzig
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Living ◽  
Culture Education ◽  
Household Budget Surveys

The aim of the study was to compare urban and rural households’ level of living. Definitions and measures of level of living were presented. Then level of living in rural and urban households as well as its changes were evaluated using the data from Household Budget Surveys. Expenditures on health, transport, recreation and culture, education, restaurants and hotels and alkoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics were used as a measures. The results shows that the level and the share of consumption expenditures on recreation and culture as well as on restaurants and hotel were higher in urban than in rural households. The level of living in rural households is lower than in urban ones but the difference is decreasing.

INCOME AS A SOURCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
O. N. KUSAKINA ◽  
◽  
S. V. SOKOLOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Average Structure ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Consumer Expenditures ◽  
Capital Development

The article is devoted to research of dynamics of disposable resources of rural and urban households; components of disposable resources of households depending on the place of residence (per household member on average); structure of consumer expenditures of rural households based on official statistics for 2018–2020. The presented findings may serve as a basis for justifying the trends in social and economic conditions necessary for the growth of human capital in rural areas.

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