KAJIAN RASIO STRUKTUR BANGUNAN BERTINGKAT

Cost estimation is an activity for estimating costs, resources and risks in order to start and complete a project. Generally, at initial stage, most estimation data is not complete. Therefore, to estimate the quantity of structure we often uses structure ratio. The structure ratio in this research is the ratio of concrete, the ratio of iron and the multiplication between the ratio of concrete with the ratio of iron. Analysis conducted to look for similarity in structure ratio between building functions and between consultans, the influence of the number of floors to the value of structure ratio, find the intervals and average structure ratios, find the effect of earthquake regulations on rising structure ratios and find regression equation for structure ratio. From the analysis results, it is found that the average structure ratios between buildings and between consultans are same. The number of floors affects the value of the iron ratio and multiplication between the ratio of concrete to the ratio of iron. Based on the analysis using the confidence interval estimate, the lower, upper and average limits of the concrete ratio, iron ratio, and multiplication between the ratio of concrete to iron ratio in ≤ 2012 and in> 2012. Changes in earthquake regulations affect the value of the structure ratio, the increase of concrete ratio reaches 8.8%, the iron ratio reaches 19,2% and the multiplication between the ratio of concrete and iron reaches 27,9%. In this research, there is no regression equation was obtained for the concrete ratio, the iron ratio and the multiplication between the ratio of concrete to iron ratio. ABSTRAKEstimasi biaya merupakan sebuah kegiatan untuk memperkirakan biaya, sumber daya dan risiko-risiko agar dapat memulai dan menyelesaikan suatu proyek. Pada tahap awal estimasi, umumnya data yang tersedia belum lengkap. Oleh karena itu, untuk menghitung biaya pekerjaan struktur seringkali menggunakan rasio struktur. Pada penelitian ini rasio struktur yang akan dianalisis adalah rasio beton, rasio besi dan perkalian antara rasio beton dengan rasio besi. Analisis ini dilakukan untuk mencari kesamaan rasio struktur antar fungsi bangunan dan antar konsultan, pengaruh jumlah lantai dengan nilai rasio struktur, mencari interval dan rata-rata rasio struktur, mencari pengaruh peraturan gempa terhadap kenaikan nilai rasio struktur dan mencari persamaan regresi rasio struktur. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan rata-rata rasio struktur antar bangunan dan antar konsultan memiliki nilai yang sama. Jumlah lantai berpengaruh terhadap nilai dari rasio besi dan perkalian antara rasio beton dengan rasio besi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan mengunakan confidence interval estimate diperoleh batas bawah, batas atas dan rata-rata pada rasio beton, rasio besi, dan perkalian antara rasio beton dengan rasio besi pada tahun ≤ 2012 dan tahun > 2012. Adanya perubahan pada peraturan gempa mempengaruhi nilai rasio struktur, yaitu pada rasio beton kenaikan mencapai 8,8%, rasio besi mencapai 19,2% dan perkalian antara rasio beton dan rasio besi mencapai 27,9%. Pada penelitian ini tidak diperoleh persamaan regresi untuk rasio beton, rasio besi dan perkalian antara rasio beton dengan rasio besi.

Orientational disorder of monomethyl-quinacridone investigated by Rietveld refinement, structure refinement to the pair distribution function and lattice-energy minimizations

The crystal structure of the organic pigment 2-monomethyl-quinacridone (Pigment Red 192, C21H14N2O2) was solved from X-ray powder diffraction data. The resulting average structure is described in space group P\overline 1, Z = 1 with the molecule on the inversion centre. The molecules are arranged in chains. The molecules, which have no inversion symmetry, show orientational head-to-tail disorder. In the average structure, the methyl group is disordered and found on both ends of the molecule with an occupancy of 0.5 each. The disorder and the local structure were investigated using various ordered structural models. All models were analysed by three approaches: Rietveld refinement, structure refinement to the pair distribution function (PDF) and lattice-energy minimization. All refinements converged well. The Rietveld refinement provided the average structure and gave no indication of a long-range ordering. The refinement to the PDF turned out to be very sensitive to small structural details, giving insight into the local structure. The lattice-energy minimizations revealed a significantly preferred local ordering of neighbouring molecules along the [0\bar 11] direction. In conclusion, all methods indicate a statistical orientational disorder with a preferred parallel orientation of molecules in one direction. Additionally, electron diffraction revealed twinning and faint diffuse scattering.

Structural Study of Nano-Sized Gahnite (ZnAl2O4): From the Average to the Local Scale

Spinel gahnite (ZnAl2O4) has been obtained through a hydrothermal synthesis method with a grain size of about 2 nm. The sample was calcined for a few hours at two different temperatures (800 and 900 °C) in order to obtain larger grain sizes to be analyzed by means of powder diffraction with the Rietveld method, and by means of total scattering with the Pair Distribution Function (PDF) method. The idea is to compare the average to the local structure, as a function of increasing grain size. The total scattering data were collected at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble. The samples have been also characterised by means of high resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), showing an increasing grain size up to about 9 nm. The average structure presented variations in the inversion degree and an increase in grain size. TEM observations demonstrated that the small crystals are well crystallised: the high resolution images neatly showed the atomic planes, even in the smallest particles. However, the average structure did not properly fit the PDF data in the local region, owing to a slightly different coordination among the octahedra. A new structural model is proposed for the local region of the PDF, that helped our understanding of the differences between a real nanostructured sample and that of a microcrystalline one. The oxygen disorder, due to the inversion grade of the spinel, is demonstrates to be at the basis of the local deviation. No signals of interstitial Zn atoms were detected.

INCOME AS A SOURCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS

The article is devoted to research of dynamics of disposable resources of rural and urban households; components of disposable resources of households depending on the place of residence (per household member on average); structure of consumer expenditures of rural households based on official statistics for 2018–2020. The presented findings may serve as a basis for justifying the trends in social and economic conditions necessary for the growth of human capital in rural areas.

Interbase FRET in RNA: from A to Z

Interbase FRET can reveal highly detailed information about distance, orientation and dynamics in nucleic acids, complementing the existing structure and dynamics techniques. We here report the first RNA base analogue FRET pair, consisting of the donor tCO and the non-emissive acceptor tCnitro. The acceptor ribonucleoside is here synthesised and incorporated into RNA for the first time. This FRET pair accurately reports the average structure of A-form RNA, and its utility for probing RNA structural changes is demonstrated by monitoring the transition from A- to Z-form RNA. Finally, the measured FRET data were compared with theoretical FRET patterns obtained from two previously reported Z-RNA PDB structures, to shed new light on this elusive RNA conformation.

Supercell refinement: a cautionary tale

Theoretically, crystals with supercells exist at a unique crossroads where they can be considered as either a large unit cell with closely spaced reflections in reciprocal space or a higher dimensional superspace with a modulation that is commensurate with the supercell. In the latter case, the structure would be defined as an average structure with functions representing a modulation to determine the atomic location in 3D space. Here, a model protein structure and simulated diffraction data were used to investigate the possibility of solving a real incommensurately modulated protein crystal using a supercell approximation. In this way, the answer was known and the refinement method could be tested. Firstly, an average structure was solved by using the `main' reflections, which represent the subset of the reflections that belong to the subcell and in general are more intense than the `satellite' reflections. The average structure was then expanded to create a supercell and refined using all of the reflections. Surprisingly, the refined solution did not match the expected solution, even though the statistics were excellent. Interestingly, the corresponding superspace group had multiple 3D daughter supercell space groups as possibilities, and it was one of the alternate daughter space groups that the refinement locked in on. The lessons learned here will be applied to a real incommensurately modulated profilin–actin crystal that has the same superspace group.

An average structure model of the intermediate phase between sodalite and cancrinite

Powder samples of the intermediate phase between sodalite and cancrinite (INT) have been synthesized hydrothermally. The formation of the INT phase was proved by both PXRD and TGA analysis and its stoichiometric composition was found to be |Na6.95(1)(CO3)0.48(2) (H2O)6.18(6)|[AlSiO4]6. The comparison of the intensity ratios of PXRD data with a SCXRD measurement indicates the formation of a comparable phase with the typical strong stacking disorder. The hexagonal lattice parameters with a=1266.3(2) pm and c=1586(1) pm and the unit cell setting were determined by Pawley fits. The average lattice and the stacking disorder along c axis could be confirmed by the reconstruction of three-dimensional ADT data. The average structure of INT was modeled considering only the combination of naturally existing (zeolitic) cages, restricted by the actual number of layers per unit cell. The possible combinations were further reduced by considering the amount of incorporated species. Through the comparison of simulated electron diffraction pattern to measured data the modeled framework could be confirmed. Using relative positions of the incorporated species in the natural cages as well as electron densities calculated by using only the framework of INT the positions of these species could be described.

Aravaite, Ba2Ca18(SiO4)6(PO4)3(CO3)F3O: modular structure and disorder of a new mineral with single and triple antiperovskite layers

The crystal structure of the new mineral aravaite Ba2Ca18(SiO4)6(PO4)3(CO3)F3O [R{\bar 3}m, a = 7.12550 (11), c = 66.2902 (13) Å, V = 2914.81 (8) Å3, Z = 3] was solved from single-crystal diffraction data, collected using synchrotron radiation at the X06DA beamline of the Swiss Light Source. The unit cell of this modular mineral contains six layers of {Ba(PO4)1.5(CO3)0.5}3.5− (T-layer), three triple antiperovskite layers (tAP) {(F2OCa12)(SiO4)4}4+, and three single antiperovskite layers (sAP) {(FCa6)(SiO4)2}3+. The structure refinement confirms a model with a layer sequence of T–sAP–T–tAP as an average structure of this mineral. However, one-dimensional diffuse scattering observed parallel to c* implies imperfections in the stacking sequence of the average structure. Qualitative modelling of disorder confirms that the alternating sequence of T–sAP and T–tAP blocks is disturbed. The blocks occurring in this new mineral are known from other so-called hexagonal intercalated antiperovskite structures: T–sAP (stracherite and zadovite group), T–tAP (ariegilatite and nabimusaite group).