scholarly journals O PROBLEMACH STOSOWALNOŚCI MIERNIKÓW SYNTETYCZNYCH DO PORZĄDKOWANIA OBIEKTÓW

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-207
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Binderman ◽  
Bolesław Borkowski ◽  
Wiesław Szczesny ◽  
Rafał Zbyrowski
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Distance Measure ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
Synthetic Index ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Eu

The problem of building a stable synthetic index used to organize the objects described with multiple partial indexes has been and is the subject of the authors' considerations. In our research, we aimed at the construction of a measure that would be insensitive to the input data, the results that would not depend on the method of normalization of the variables, the choice of the distance measure (similarity) and the selection of features. Our experience is consistent with the results of the work of the outstanding American statistician L. Breiman. A single classifier (synthetic measure) may be far from optimal, while combinations of many result in a classifier that is close to optimal and stable. Unfortunately, when "weak" classifiers are used, the combination may result in an even worse classifier. In the work, we presented the consequences of choosing a synthetic indicator for organizing objects described by many features on a practical example of farms in the EU countries covered by the FADN survey.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Public Funds Utilization Efficiency for Climate Neutrality in the European Union Countries

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dębkowska ◽  
Łukasz Dymek ◽  
Krzysztof Kutwa ◽  
Dariusz Perło ◽  
Dorota Perło ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Synthetic Index ◽  
Climate Neutrality ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this article was to assess the efficiency of the utilization of public funds for climate neutrality. It was concluded that the data gathered in public statistics are not adapted to current challenges and hinder the direct measurement of climate policy objective implementation progress. Due to that, an innovative approach to public intervention efficiency analysis was proposed for the sake of decreasing CO2 emission in 27 European Union (EU) countries, based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and soft modeling. Statistical data are derived from the Eurostat database and pertain to the years 2005–2019. It was demonstrated that activity efficiency of the particular EU countries on climate neutrality varied and that together with the increase in public funds spent on environmental protection, the growth of effects in the field of reaching climate neutrality objectives was not observed. The greatest positive impact on achieving climate neutrality objectives was revealed for activities connected with building renewable sources of energy (RES) and there was no correlation detected for expenditures connected with transport infrastructure, which means that public funds used for their construction did not influence climate neutrality. It was established that, in the analyzed period, the decisions on allocating public funds were not taken on the basis of the expected amount of reduction in relation to the volume of outlays. In order to track the reasons for detected inefficiency, 52 projects were analyzed within the case study, which covered 3738 investments in the replacement of heating sources in one region of Poland. It was revealed that the efficiency of those investments varies; however, due to the full availability of data of the acquired results and outlays devoted to them, a synthetic index of efficiency measurement was established that presents the amount of CO2 reduction for EUR 1. When comparing the analyses carried out on macro and micro scales, it was observed that on the scale of the EU, there is a lack of uniform measurements or benchmarks of projects in the field of CO2 emissions reduction. Meanwhile, from the whole EU’s perspective, it should be reasonable to undertake projects with the highest economic efficiency, irrespective of political and geographical aspects. The results obtained should be utilized by decision-makers to elaborate reference methodologies and good practices in order to successfully implement climate objectives and especially the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). What should be established are universal, on the EU scale, measurements and rules for gathering and counting data as well as benchmarks for the particular project types.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS ON THE EXAMPLE OF GERMANY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (22(50)) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Nadiia Antonenko
Keyword(s):  
Basic Element ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tax Payments ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of the article is to study the experience of reflecting accounting processes in the documents of companies of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany), which is a basic element in building a harmonized accounting system with EU countries. To achieve the above goal, the authors set a task to compare the characteristics of accounting in Germany and Ukraine, to determine the features of development and construction of a modern accounting system in Germany, to formulate practical recommendations for improving accounting processes in Ukraine. The object of research is the process of accounting in Germany and Ukraine. The subject of the study are the principles and methods of accounting in these countries. As Germany stands out among the EU countries with a clear formalized approach to the application of statutory accounting and reporting standards, the experience of reflecting accounting processes in the documents of enterprises and companies of this country is important for building a harmonized accounting system in Ukraine. The German accounting system uses the principle of obligation, the essence of which is as follows: the direct basis for calculating tax payments are accounting accounts. In the organization of accounting in Germany automated form of its maintenance such as specialized accounting programs are mainly used. One such program is the SAP program. Given that the principles and methods of accounting used in Germany and Ukraine are almost the same, except for the principle of obligation used in Germany, it is recommended to implement SAP as an automated accounting system everywhere in large and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine.

Implementation of the Paris Agreement on Global Climate: European Carbon Blackmail of Russia and Possibilities of Countering It

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Sergey Anatolyevich Roginko ◽  
Sergey Nikolaevich Silvestrov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Adjustment Mechanism ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Carbon Taxation ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Border Adjustment

The subject of the analysis is the EU initiative to introduce the so-called Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism developed within the framework of the «European Green Deal» adopted in 2019 and its possible impact on the Russian exporting industries. The author examines in detail the genesis of European initiatives in the field of border carbon tax, draws a parallel between the Border Carbon Correction Mechanism and the early EU initiatives on carbon taxation of flights of foreign airlines operating in airports of EU countries. Recommendations are given on possible measures to hedge risks associated with this EU initiative, including the possibility of blocking the EU initiative in the international arena, including the positions of the leading world powers on this issue, is analyzed. The tactics of interaction on this issue with such large global exporters as China, India, Brazil and others are proposed.

scholarly journals The criteria for evaluation and selection the best tender applied by the authorities in Poland and selected EU countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 04006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Grzyl ◽  
Magdalena Apollo ◽  
Emilia Miszewska-Urbańska ◽  
Adam Kristowski
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Documentary Method ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criteria For Evaluation ◽  
Best Offer ◽  
Tender Evaluation ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the regulation in EU countries concerning public procurement is to ensure efficient spending of funds by evaluating and choosing the most advantageous offer. The aim of the conducted research is to determine the extent the Polish contracting entities benefit from the possibility of broad selection of various criteria for tender evaluation. On the basis of the analysis of 500 notices on work procedures conducted in the third quarter of 2016 - the third quarter of 2017 in open and restricted tenders in Poland and 500 tenders in open and restricted proceedings in five selected EU countries, the authors compared and classified of applied the practical criteria to evaluate and select the best offer. In order to collect the information presented in the article, the authors applied the documentary method using domestic and foreign literature regarding the subject and official publications.

scholarly journals Study of the antibiotic residues in poultry meat in some of the EU countries and selection of the best compositions of lactic acid bacteria and essential oils against Salmonella enterica

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 4065-4076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bartkiene ◽  
Modestas Ruzauskas ◽  
Vadims Bartkevics ◽  
Iveta Pugajeva ◽  
Paulina Zavistanaviciute ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals POVERTY AS A HETEROGENEITY FACTOR IN EU COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Vesna Janković-Milić ◽  
Vinko Lepojević ◽  
Jelena Stanković
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Eu

Measuring poverty is of utmost importance for any economy in order to look at the extent and causes of the vulnerability of the population, but also to formulate social and economic policy measures and measure their effects. The multidimensionality of poverty makes it difficult to quantify and measure it. The subject of research is the components of the AROPE (At risk of poverty and social exclusion) indicator in the countries of the European Union (EU). Using the cluster analysis, the EU countries were grouped into homogeneous units, after which the significance of the difference in the average values of the analyzed indicators was tested. Based on the obtained results, the hypothesis of pronounced heterogeneity of EU countries from the aspect of poverty was confirmed.

scholarly journals Modelling and Analysis of Socio-Economic Development of the European Union Countries through the DP2 Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
The Eu

Further positive social and economic development (SED) requires modelling and analysis for evaluating its results to ground directions for future development. The purpose of the paper is to study the problem of estimating of SED, to form the methodology for modelling its results and to create an aggregated econometric indicator within the framework of unified conceptual approach for the European Union (EU) countries. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following objectives: to determine the essence of the concept of SED, to study traditional approaches to measure SED, to give an overview of the DP2 modelling method, to discover and structure the elements of SED in the EU countries and to argue a conceptual approach to modelling its outcomes. The study is based on the method of mathematical modelling in economics based on Distance P2 method. Econometric modelling, as well as regression analyze, was used to develop a synthetic indicator DP2 for evaluating SED of the EU countries. Also, the research process was based on analysis, synthesis and the system approach for information processing, as well as on the method of comparative and statistical analysis, quality and quantity analysis. The results of the deep research showed that there is no unified approach to modelling SED. The Distance P2 method was first proposed to measure SED at the national level exactly for the EU. The methodology for measuring SED specifically for the EU countries based on the conceptual approach was developed and substantiated. Based on the proposed methodology and taking into account the special characteristics of the region studied - the social and economic DP2 indicator for the EU countries was created. This study proposes to build a synthetic indicator DP2 to model results of progress in SED, especially in the EU. The practical implications of the synthetic indicator DP2 for modelling and analysis of SED of the EU countries can be a prospect for further research. Applied aspect of these studies is advising the EU's public policy with the aim of advancing. Using the DP2 synthetic indicator of SED for the EU countries will identify and substantiate the main directions for developing the country's domestic policy to improve the quality of life of the populations. Also, the results of the study can be used for advisory purposes to develop and optimize the EU development strategy 2020-2030. The value and originality of the paper lie in further application of the methodology of modelling the SED of the EU countries through synthetic indicator DP2. This will expand opportunities for increasing the national economy’s efficiency, that is highly important in terms of increased international competition.

The Scientific and Technological Policy of the EU and Prospects of Its Adaptation to the EAEU Practices

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
V. N. Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Technological Cooperation ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Innovation Policies ◽  
The Eu

The subject of the research is the scientific and technological cooperation of countries within the framework of an integration association based on the EU case study. The purpose of the research was to identify the main vectors of the coordinated scientific and technological policy of the EU with a focus on the feasibility of its application to the EAEU practices to enhance business activities of enterprises in solving their own tasks. The experience of the EU countries in the implementation of scientific, technological and innovation policies made it possible to formulate a number of principles, methods and tools that can be used in the EAEU practices. It is concluded that in terms of the achievements considered herein, the foreign practice can be useful taking into account challenges faced by countries and companies when solving common problems, and will help avoid errors in making decisions. Based on the European experience of shaping a general scientific, technological and innovation policy, it is proposed to apply the EU experience to the practical activities of the EAEU member states.

scholarly journals Current Perspectives and Concerns Facing Hospital Evacuation: The Results of a Pilot Study and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Amir Khorram-Manesh ◽  
Phatthranit Phattharapornjaroen ◽  
Luc J Mortelmans ◽  
Krzysztof Goniewicz ◽  
Marlous Verheul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
Major Shortcoming ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evacuation Plan ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Objective: To analyze the evacuation preparedness of hospitals within the European Union (EU). Method: This study consisted of 2 steps. In the first step, a systematic review of the subject matter, according to the PRISMA flow diagram, was performed. Using Scopus (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands), PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), and Gothenburg University´s search engine, 11 questions were extracted from the review and were sent to representatives from 15 European Union (EU)- and non-EU countries. Results: The findings indicate that there is neither a full preparedness nor a standard guideline for evacuation within the EU or other non-EU countries in this study. A major shortcoming revealed by this study is the lack of awareness of the untoward consequences of medical decision-making during an evacuation. Some countries did not respond to the questions due to the lack of relevant guidelines, instructions, or time. Conclusion: Hospitals are exposed to internal and external incidents and require an adequate evacuation plan. Despite many publications, reports, and conclusions on successful and unsuccessful evacuation, there is still no common guide for evacuation, and many hospitals lack the proper preparedness. There is a need for a multinational collaboration, specifically within the EU, to establish such an evacuation planning or guideline to be used mutually within the union and the international community.

scholarly journals Intellectual capital of European Union countries (EU-28) – measurement concept

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Julita Paszko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Eu

Purpose – The aim of the present research paper is to enrich the achievements of science through a description of a theoretical-methodological approach to measuring the national intellectual capital (NIC) along with its application in the evaluation of the European Union countries (2015). Research method – The synthetic indicator, describing the intellectual capital of the EU countries was quantified by using the TOPSIS method. The year 2015 is the study period. Results – The estimation results confirm the diversity of the intellectual capital level in the 28 countries of the EU. The highest index value applies to Sweden. Romania takes the last – 28th place and belongs to the fourth typological group with a very low potential of intellectual capital. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – The new perspective on defining and taxonomy of intellectual capital (including ecological capital) is a kind of novum in this area. As a result, the elaborated ranking of the EU countries provides a new, wider perspective on the intellectual capital issues.

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