scholarly journals Solid-liquid equilibrium in liquid compound fertilizers

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Kristina Jancaitienė ◽  
Rasa Slinksienė
Keyword(s):  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Multicomponent System ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Aqueous Salt Solutions ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Solid Liquid

Liquid compound fertilizers (LCF) are aqueous salt solutions which nourish the soil. They contain nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sometimes calcium, magnesium and micronutrients. An LCF solution has practically no insoluble residue and contains the elements in a fully digestible form and is a high-speed, highly effective fertilizer. It is important to assess the equilibrium in the solid-liquid system when creating liquid compound fertilizers, since their basic properties, concentration and crystallization temperature, depend on it. The aim of the study was to determine properties of a liquid multicomponent (K+, NH4 +, Cl- and PO4 3-) system. This liquid multicomponent system, which was obtained as a by-product in the conversion of KCl and NH4H2PO4, can be used as a liquid fertilizer. This work investigates liquid fertilizers? chemical composition and their physicochemical properties, such as crystallization temperature, pH, density, viscosity and corrosivity. In order to increase nitrogen concentration, ammonium nitrate was added. Composition of the solid phase obtained by crystallization was identified by methods of chemical and instrumental analysis (radiography, infrared molecular absorption spectroscopy and optical microscopy). The results show that all properties of liquid fertilizers are best when the concentration of NH4NO3 in liquid solutions equals 8%.

Agitation of a gas-solid-liquid system in a vessel with high-speed impeller and vertical tubular coil

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Major-Godlewska ◽  
Joanna Karcz
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Specific Power Consumption ◽  
Rushton Turbine ◽  
Agitated Vessel ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Solid Liquid

AbstractExperimental results of gas hold-up, power consumption and residence time of gas bubbles in a gas-solid-liquid system produced in an agitated vessel equipped with a high-speed impeller and a vertical tubular coil are presented in this paper. Critical agitator speed, needed for the dispersion of gas bubbles and solid particles in liquid were also identified. The studies were carried out in an agitated vessel of the inner diameter D = 0.634 m and the working liquid volume of about 0.2 m3. A tubular coil of the diameter of 0.7D, consisting of 24 vertical tubes of the diameter of 0.016D, was located inside the flat-bottomed vessel. The agitated vessel was equipped with a Rushton turbine with six blades or an A 315 impeller with four blades. Both impellers had diameter, d, equal to 0.33D. The vessel was filled with liquid up to the height H = D. In this study, air and particles of sea sand with the mean diameter of 335 μm and the concentration of up to 3.0 mass % were dispersed in distilled water as the liquid phase. The measurements were carried out within the turbulent regime of the fluid flow in the agitated vessel. Results of the measurements were processed graphically and mathematically. Lower values of the critical agitator speed, n JSG, needed for simultaneous dispersion of gas bubbles and particles with the solids concentration from 0.5 mass % to 2 mass %, were obtained for the vessel equipped with the A 315 impeller. Higher values of the specific power consumption were reached for the vessel with the Rushton turbine. Higher values of the gas hold-up and residence time of the gas bubbles in the fluid were obtained for the system equipped with the Rushton turbine. Results of the gas hold-up as a function of the specific power consumption, superficial gas velocity and solids concentration were approximated with good accuracy using Eq. (5).

Stochastic model of the flow mechanically stirred solid-liquid system

1980 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 2070-2084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Kudrna ◽  
Václav Machoň ◽  
Vlasta Hudcová
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Equation ◽  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Stationary State ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Solid Liquid

An attempt is made to describe by use of the onedimensional stochastic model the flow system solid phase-liquid stirred by the mechanical rotary mixer. At the assumption that the solid phase is dimensionally homogenous a diffusion equation has been obtained which is solved under the boundary conditions, characterizing the method of withdrawal of the solid phase from the system. It is demonstrated that the model can express also the relations usually used for description of similar situations (ideal mixing, separation coefficients in stationary state etc.) like individual cases.

scholarly journals Peloids as Thermotherapeutic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Maraver ◽  
Francisco Armijo ◽  
Miguel Angel Fernandez-Toran ◽  
Onica Armijo ◽  
Jose Manuel Ejeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Heat Flow Rate ◽  
Psoriatic Arthropathy ◽  
Reduction Of Pain ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Main Effects

The use of peloids as heat-providing therapeutic systems dates back to antiquity. Such systems consist of a liquid phase and an organic or inorganic solid phase. The latter facilitates the handling, preparation and stability of the solid–liquid system, modifying its organoleptic and phy-sicochemical properties, and improves its efficacy and tolerance. Peloids enable the application of heat to very specific zones and the release of heat at a given rate. The aims of this work are to study 16 reference peloids used in medical spa centers as thermo-therapeutic agents as well as to propose nine raw materials as a solid phase for the preparation of peloids. The physical properties studied are the centesimal composition, the instrumental texture and the thermal parameters. In conclusion, the peloids of the medical spas studied are used as thermotherapeutic agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in knee osteoarthritis and to a lesser extent in back pain and psoriatic arthropathy. The clinical experience in these centers shows that the main effects of the application of their peloids are the reduction of pain, an increase in the joint’s functional capacity and an improvement in the quality of life. As thermotherapeutic agents, all the peloids of the me-dical spas studied and the pastes (raw materials with distilled water) examined showed a heat flow rate of up to four times lower than that shown by the same amount of water. The raw materials studied can be used as solid phases for the preparation of peloids with mineral waters.

scholarly journals Estimating Just Suspension Speed for Stirred Reactors Using Power Measurement

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Raja Shazrin Shah Raja Ehsan Shah ◽  
Baharak Sajjadi ◽  
Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman ◽  
Tiam You See ◽  
Shaliza Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Power Measurement ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Rushton Turbine ◽  
Suspend Solid ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Solid Liquid

A simplified mathematical model was developed to predict the just suspended speed, NJS in a solid-liquid system by analyzing the net impeller power consumption to suspend solid particles. A fully baffled tank with an internal diameter of 400mm equipped with a standard Rushton turbine with a diameter of D=T/3 (133mm) was used in this work. Glass beads were used as the solid phase and distilled water was used as the liquid phase. Solid loadings were varied within the range of 0-27 wt%. Power consumption was measured using the shaft torque method. The predicted NJS values were in a good approximation to the experimental values using the Zwietering’s criterion with a deviation of 2 – 10%. The deviation was lower for higher solid concentrations.

Comparative Study on Compositions of Oil-Water Transition Layer before and after ClO2-Treatment Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 749-752
Author(s):  
Dan Dan Yuan ◽  
Hong Jun Wu ◽  
Hai Xia Sheng ◽  
Xin Sui ◽  
Bao Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Transition Layer ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Settling Tank ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Oil Water

In order to meet the need of separating oil from water in the settling tank of the oilfield, ClO2 treatment for oil-water transition layer in settling tank is introduced. The field test displayed that the technique was achieved by a good performance. For understanding the oxidation and mechanism, compositions of oil-water transition layer were comparatively studied for before/after ClO2-treatment in this paper.The experimental results show that the compositions before and after ClO2-treatment, including physical structure and chemical composition, were varied in the great extension. The physical structure, consisting of water, oil and solid phase, was reduced to less than 5% of water and 0.5% of solid particle and increased to 95% of oil in layer compared with before-treatment, easily leading to clearly separating water from oil. The chemical composition of iron sulfide and acid insoluble substance in solid phase was decreased to more than 90% while the carbonate was reduced more than 70% . After the treatment, the viscosity reduction of the water phase in the layer was reached to 50% after oxidation demulsification with ClO2. The chemistry was discussed based on the principles and experiments. Due to ClO2 destroying (oxidizing) the rigid interface membrane structure which is supported by natural surfactant, polymer and solid particles with interface-active materials, the action accelerates the separating of water and oil and sedimentation of insoluble residue of acid in the layer. By demonstrating the experimental data and discussion, we can effectively control the oxidation performance of chlorine dioxide, which is very meaningful for oilfield on the aspect of stable production of petroleum.

The Use of High Energies Radiations to Characterise Solid-Liquid Systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 498-499 ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio de Oliveira Arouca ◽  
João Jorge Ribeiro Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Constitutive Equations ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Transient Regimes ◽  
Medium Permeability ◽  
Liquid Systems ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Solid Liquid

The behavior of an isothermal and non-reaction solid-liquid system can be model using a mathematical model based on the Mixtures’ Theory of Continuum Mechanics. The knowledge of the constitutive equations of this phenomenon, as pressure on the solids and medium permeability, is very important in the design and performance evaluation of the continuous thickeners or filters. In this work the batch sedimentation phenomena of a kaolin aqueous suspensions was investigated. The technique consists on measuring of the gamma rays attenuation when they cross the physical media as a function of the local concentration at several vertical positions in a reservoir. Using the experimental data and local concentration as a function of the attenuation curve, it is possible to determine the constitutive equations. The results were satisfactory, allowing simulations of this phenomenon for steady and transient regimes in future papers.

Recent Advances in the High-Speed Solid-Phase Synthesis of RNA

ChemInform ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (39) ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Marshall ◽  
Robert J. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Solid Phase Synthesis ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Synthesis ◽  
Recent Advances

Mechanistic modelling of kinetics and mass transfer for a solid–liquid system: Leaching of zinc with ferric iron

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (15) ◽  
pp. 4460-4471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapio Salmi ◽  
Henrik Grénman ◽  
Heidi Bernas ◽  
Johan Wärnå ◽  
Dmitry Yu. Murzin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Mechanistic Modelling ◽  
Solid Liquid

Unusual liquid-solid transition effects in a methoxypentamethylflavan

1958 ◽  
Vol 243 (1235) ◽  
pp. 518-533 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Melting Range ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Transition Effects ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Crystal Boundaries

The solid phase of the compound 2'-methoxy-2 : 4 : 4 : 7 : 4'- pentamethylflavan differs in many respects from normally crystalline materials, yet is not amorphous. It tends to form spherical masses which exhibit no regular crystal boundaries, even when seen under the microscope. The solid melts over a range of up to 3° C and the actual temperatures at which melting begins and ends vary according to the thermal treatment previously received by the specimen. The temperature at which the melt starts to solidify on cooling is always several degrees below the melting range; this is not due to normal supercooling. Solidification from the melt presents several other interesting features, including some rhythmic effects. Variations in the external conditions during solidification can give rise to three superficially different forms of the solid phase. The solid-liquid and liquid-solid transitions have been followed by measurements of density, rigidity and dielectric constant, all of which give further indications of the diffuse nature of the melting process and the existence of hysteresis between melting and solidifica­tion. These effects recall the behaviour of some crystalline high polymers and examination of solid methoxypentamethylflavan by polarized light, X-rays and electron microscopy has revealed further analogies with such materials. It is tentatively concluded that the solid is composed of submicroscopic crystalline regions which are organized into larger spherulitic aggregates, but no definite explanations of the failure of the compound to form macroscopic crystals or of the similarities between it and polymers seem possible at present.

scholarly journals Gas hold-up in a three-phase reciprocating plate column

2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 1363-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljubisa Nikolic ◽  
Vesna Nikolic ◽  
Vlada Veljkovic ◽  
Dejan Skala
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Liquid System ◽  
Column Diameter ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Vibration Intensity ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Superficial Gas Velocity ◽  
Phase Column ◽  
Plate Column ◽  
Good Agreement

The influence of the geometry of a reciprocating plate column (diameter), superficial gas velocity, vibration intensity and content of the solid phase in the column on the gas hold-up in a three phase column (G-L-S) were investigated in this study. For comparison, the gas hold-up was also analyzed in a gas-liquid system (G-L) in the same type of column. Good agreement between the experimentally determined values of the gas hold-up and those calculated on the basis of the derived correlation for the G-L and G-L-S system was obtained.

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