scholarly journals Planning regulations in the USA and their implications on urban design in the central city zone

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Dinic ◽  
Petar Mitkovic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Central City ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
American Cities

At the beginning of the 20th century, urban planning of the American cities was founded on the strong capitalist system and vast available land area. After a long period of planning, which was suited for the use of automobiles, nowadays the deficiencies both in the urban structure and social sphere are very obvious. Modern planning is striving to prescribe guidelines for urban design and thus create a continuity of cityscape and emphasize the pedestrian character of the area, particularly in central city zones. Town planning in the USA comprises local regulations which are suited to the needs of individual cities. Particularly important are the implications which certain town planning regulations have on the design of physical structures in the central city zone, which is the research goal of this paper.

Southern lights: Metropolitan imaginaries in Latin America

Thesis Eleven ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 072551362110439
Author(s):  
Jeremy Smith
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
American Cities

This essay aims to examine metropolitan cities of Latin America with two aspects of the literature in anthropology, history, and sociology in mind. First, the essay addresses an imbalanced focus on cities in the USA and Canada by sketching the significance of migration, creation, and urban development in four major metropolises of Latin America. Second, in place of a framework of urban imaginaries, which has dominated the sociology of Latin American cities in recent years, I argue for a more precise notion of metropolitan imaginaries that better frames the creativity of particular cities and their level of integration into international and regional networks. With this more precise notion, I distinguish southern cities as highly connected places, which attract migrants and bring economic and cultural traffic to their shores, ports, plazas, and streets. They are lively centers of Atlantic modernity with connections that generate greater magnitude for creativity and, as such, bear international significance as places of architecture and urban design. In their informal settlements, impulses of organic creation further distinguish southern metropolises from their North American counterparts. The quality of international and regional connections distinguishes these cities from other urban centers in Latin America, a point underestimated in the literature on urban imaginaries. In this essay, I examine 19th and 20th-century Buenos Aires, Mexico City, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. Each is distinguished from most cities by the magnitude of migration, the diversity of their populations, and the connections they have to global and regional developments. Crucially, each one stands out for the quality and impact of their metropolis-making, particularly in creative architecture and urban design.

Reduction in community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rates in an urban Canadian hospital setting

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. WILMER ◽  
E. LLOYD-SMITH ◽  
M. G. ROMNEY ◽  
S. CHAMPAGNE ◽  
T. WONG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ed Visits ◽  
American Cities ◽  
Substantial Change ◽  
Community Onset

SUMMARYCommunity-onset methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CO-MRSA) became a prominent cause of infection in North America in 2003, with a peak in the epidemic noted by multiple groups in the USA between 2005 and 2007. We reviewed rates of MRSA in two hospitals in Vancouver, Canada, to observe changes in epidemiology from 2003 to 2011. Episodes of emergency department (ED) MRSA bacteraemia and wounds were extracted from the laboratory database, with rates calculated per 10 000 ED visits. All cases were assumed to be community onset, as they were diagnosed in the ED. A peak in ED MRSA bacteraemias occurred in 2005, at 7·8/10 000 ED visits. By 2011, rates of ED bacteraemia declined significantly to 3·3/10 000 ED visits (P⩽0·03). MRSA wound rates peaked at 82·2 cases/10 000 ED visits in 2007 with a subsequent significant decline to 34·3 cases in 2011 (P = 0·04). We have demonstrated a significant decline in CO-MRSA within our population, consistent with reports from the USA, suggesting a substantial change in the epidemiology of CO-MRSA in certain North American cities.

scholarly journals REPLACEMENT OF URBAN SPACE: ESTONIAN POST-WAR TOWN PLANNING PRINCIPLES AND LOCAL STALINIST INDUSTRIAL TOWNS

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siim Sultson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Soviet Occupation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One

The presented paper focuses on Estonian urban space research concerning both replacement of urban heritage and establishment of new urban design within the period of mid 1940s and 1950s. On the one hand, Stalinist principles brought by Soviet occupation reminded independent Estonian 1930s town planning ambitions. On the other hand, the new principles formulated a new paradigm that was unfamiliar to local urban space tradition. Estonian urban space was compelled to follow the Soviet doctrine by concept, forms and building materials. Sometimes suffering irrational demolitions the towns got axially arranged representative, but perspective and functional plans. Some existing towns (for instance Tallinn, Pärnu, Narva) got new centres due to war wreckages and the ideological reasons. Meanwhile new industrial towns as examples of Stalinist utopia were built in East-Estonia during 1940s–1950s in order to exploit local mineral resources by the Soviet regime. In comparison with Tallinn and Pärnu urban space of East-Estonian industrial towns Kohtla-Järve and classified Sillamäe – designed in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) – still need to be researched. Though different from the rest of Estonian towns by details and materials of façades city-like centres of Sillamäe and Kohtla-Järve are rather similar to Tallinn and Pärnu by their composition.

scholarly journals The Economic Aftermath of the 1960s Riots in American Cities: Evidence from Property Values

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Collins ◽  
Robert A. Margo
Keyword(s):  
Census Tract ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Central City ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Property Value ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Cities

In the 1960s many American cities experienced violent, race-related civil disturbances. This article examines census data from 1950 to 1980 to measure the riots' impact on the value of central-city residential property, and especially on black-owned property. Both OLS and IV estimates indicate that the riots depressed the median value of black-owned property between 1960 and 1970, with little or no rebound in the 1970s. Census tract data for a small number of cities suggest relative losses of population and property value in tracts that were directly affected by riots compared to other tracts in the same cities.

scholarly journals ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PLACES

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 65-81
Author(s):  
A. V. Leizerova
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Type ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Fuzzy Logics ◽  
Island Type

The article proposes a typology of the historical places in a city for their identification and typification. Classification is based on the analysis of the structural techniques that determine the morphological features of historical places in the urban structure. The use of fuzzy logics seems to be an actual tool to achieve objectivity in the analysis of territories of different development. The hierarchy of the regulated order is determined by the following system of factors: sustainable urban framework - ordinary buildings – visual accents; building-blockbuster, visual gap. Taking into account the sustainability, the following cultural and historical places are identified: the museum cluster, cultural and historical island, cultural and historical island of a mixed type, island-type town-planning with historical buildings, modern cluster.

scholarly journals The Recording Industry as the Enemy? A Case Study of Early West German Metal Music

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Peter Herbst
Keyword(s):  
Rock Music ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Recording Industry ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Production Location ◽  
Metal Music ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Usa

AbstractRock and metal music have a complex relationship with the entertainment industries. They rely on commodified products but are also cautious towards the capitalist system with its instrumentalist mechanisms. This article examines early metal music from West Germany in the 1980s with its rock precursors in the 1970s to shed light on the music industry’s positive side other than the commonly portrayed enemy or villain image. Using journalistic sources, including magazines, biographies, documentaries, besides the music release database Discogs, the research reconstructs the independent recording industry for metal, examining key record companies, distribution channels and production staff, as well as their principles and intentions. The findings suggest that in the formative phase of German metal, the boundaries were blurred between fans, artists and entrepreneurs, most acting out of a passion for music. Fan practices, such as music-making, journalistic writing or tape trading, became serious leisure careers, eventually enabling some of the bands, journalists and entrepreneurs to make a living from their metal-related activities; others remained “semi-professional”. Communal spirit characterised German metal, and most of “the industry” worked together with the scene. The joint efforts made it possible for Germany to develop from a weak production location for subcultural rock music compared to the dominant cultures of the USA and UK to one of the leading recording industries for metal music. Rather than “the enemy” with manipulative intentions, the independent metal industry was a cultural intermediary and enabler of subcultural production and consumption.

scholarly journals Sustainable Habitat as the Main Factor of Urbanization Development: 19th-20th Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Azizov Aghasalim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Master Plans ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
Urbanization Development ◽  
Industrial Zones ◽  
First Time ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The Town ◽  
Main Factor

The goals set in this article are to reveal the state of urbanized systems resulting from accelerated globalization, to analyze the facts of deteriorating environmental conditions and depletion of natural resources and tendencies of formation of residential territories with the condition for the organization of sustainable habitat. Moreover, for the first time, discusses the development of residential and industrial zones in terms of the formation of the urban planning framework of the residential and industrial environment. The novelty of the problems considered in the article consists of the differentiated approach to the policy of forming a sustainable habitat based on the town planning framework.The characteristics, directions and design of urban planning frameworks in the architectural and planning structure of various cities, as well as regions consider. The result of the study was a thorough analysis of the master plans of the of various European and American cities, including Azerbaijan.

scholarly journals Seizing the opportunity?: how sustainable urban design will feature in the redevelopment of the central city of Christchurch to reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Speedy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Central City ◽  
Design Matrix ◽  
Address Climate Change ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Street Layout ◽  
Implementation Data ◽  
Change Concerns

<p>Following devastating earthquakes in 2010 and 2011 in Christchurch, there is an opportunity to use sustainable urban design variables to redevelop the central city in order to address climate change concerns and reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport. Literature from a variety of disciplines establishes that four sustainable urban design variables; increased density, mixed-use development, street layout and city design, and the provision of sustainable public transport, can reduce car dependency and vehicle kilometres travelled within urban populations- widely regarded as indicators of the negative environmental effects of transport.  The key question for the research is; to what extent has this opportunity been seized by NZ’s Central Government who are overseeing the central city redevelopment? In order to explore this question the redevelopment plans for the central city of Christchurch are evaluated against an adapted urban design matrix to determine whether a reduction in CO₂ emissions from land transport is likely to be achieved through their implementation. Data obtained through interviews with experts is used to further explore the extent to which sustainable urban design variables can be employed to enhance sustainability and reduce CO₂ emissions.  The analysis of this data shows that the four urban design variables will feature in the Central Government’s redevelopment plans although the extent to which they are employed and their likely success in reducing CO₂ emissions will vary. Ultimately, the opportunity to redevelop the central city of Christchurch to reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport will be undermined due to timeframe, co-ordination, and leadership barriers.</p>

scholarly journals City urban design in a free market economy: The case of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Spatium ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Kaliopa Dimitrovska-Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
City Centre ◽  
City Development ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
The City

A recent rapid political and economic changes in many eastern European countries demand corresponding changes in the town planning system, and especially in the development control and urban management process. For instance, at a present many historic city and town cores still remain relatively intact in their original form, but have become the target for development pressure. How should this pressure be channeled to achieve enhancement of the urban qualities of those areas (especially barracks and old factory sites), without jeopardising their competitiveness for attracting business and employment. This paper discusses the outcomes of research carried out at the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia from 1995 to 1998, on the development of appropriate methods for the appraisal and promotion of design quality in relation to economic viability in city development projects especially for an urban renewal. The elements for the assessment of urban design quality derive from the basic principles of good urban design such as identity, permeability, legibility visual appropriateness, robustness, visual and symbolic richness, amongst others. The simplified computerised model for assessing financial viability is based on building costs and market value of the investment, and shows the profitability of the development. It can be a useful tool in both assessing design viability, and for determining extra profit or ?planning gain? in the planning process negotiations such ?surplus? can be used for satisfying local needs (e.g. additional programs, design of public spaces). This method for appraisal and promotion of design quality in relation to economic viability has been examined through an assessment of the competition projects for the renewal of the Rog factory area in the city centre of Ljubljana. This case study has revealed the need for a clear strategy for future city development, with marketing guidance and policies for positive planning to achieve better vitality and viability for the city as a whole. Subsequently, the research examined successful initiatives for the promotion of urban design on a national and local level of the planning process identifying the most important issues affecting city design in the market economy, such as partnership arrangements, joint ventures and city-entrepreneurs. The paper briefly discusses: salient features of the current planning system in Slovenia and the on-going changes relating to the new approaches to town planning; the proposed method for appraisal and promotion of design quality and economic viability of urban environment; the results of the examination of this method applied to a case study - the renewal of an industrial site in the city centre of Ljubljana.

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