Difference between SFMR and SITMR 1 compensation for hydrostatic thrust bearing

Both flat and island type membranes are used in single-action membrane restrictors. But the difference between the single-action flat membrane restrictor (SFMR) and the single-action island type membrane restrictor (SITMR) has rarely been reported in the literature. In this study, we first compared the static and dynamic characteristics of SFMR and SITMR, and found that there is a little difference between them when the difference between supply pressure ps and outlet pressure pr is not large. Then, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of hydrostatic thrust bearings using both SFMR and SITMR compensation, and found SITMR having a better dynamic bearing performance. The reason for this phenomenon is that the mass of the membrane in SITMR is smaller than that of the membrane in SFMR. When the difference between supply pressure ps and outlet pressure pr becomes large, SFMR reduces the static flow rate of the lubricant of bearing systems more significantly than SITMR.

Improving the CO and CH4 Gas Sensor Response at Room Temperature of α-Fe2O3(0001) Epitaxial Thin Films Grown on SrTiO3(111) Incorporating Au(111) Islands

In this work epitaxial Au islands have been grown on epitaxial α-Fe2O3 thin film by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3(111) substrate. Both Au and α-Fe2O3 layer show an island-type growth with an average particle size of 40 and 62 nm, respectively. The crystallographic coupling of lattices is confirmed with a rotation of 30º between the in-plane crystallographic axes of α-Fe2O3(0001) structure and those of SrTiO3(111) substrate and between the in-plane crystallographic axes of Au(111) and those of α-Fe2O3(0001) structure. α-Fe2O3 is the only phase of iron oxide identified before and after its functionalization with Au nanoparticles. In addition, its structural character-istics are also preserved after Au deposition, with minor changes at short-range order. The func-tional character of the complex systems as gas sensor has been proven at room temperature. Con-ductance measurements of Au(111)/α-Fe2O3(0001)/ SrTiO3(111) system show that the incorpora-tion of Au islands on top of the α-Fe2O3(0001) layer induces an enhancement of the gas-sensing ac-tivity for CO and CH4 gas in comparison to a bare α-Fe2O3(0001) layer grown on SrTiO3(111).

2. Ancient reefs and islands

Reefs in deep geological time have been built by a succession of different kinds of life: plant, bacterial, and animal. Stromatolites and bryozoans were major reef-builders that persist today in minor or non-reef-building forms, sponges built entire reefs and are still important reef components, while several groups of major reef-builders flourished for a while and then became extinct: archaeocyathids which were similar to sponges, and coral-like forms including rugose and tabulate corals. Today’s reef-builders, cnidarian corals, appeared well after the great Permian-Triassic extinction event. All of these groups deposited vast quantities of limestone rock on which they live, often visible today as low mountain ranges. Reefs grow to the surface but not beyond, but upon them sand and sediments may build up, forming an island that attracts plants, then birds and other terrestrial forms of life. The sediments become cemented with the aid of rainwater too, and ‘low islands’ develop. Many islands also show their old, central volcanoes, resulting in the vast array of different combinations of coral island type. Today, however, there is a coral reef crisis due to overexploitation of a reef’s rich resources, from pollution of several kinds, and climate change.

Research on Safety Level Evaluation of Island-type Petrochemical Park Based on ANP

The inherent dangers of the petrochemical industry and the extreme meteorological conditions in the coastal areas make the island-type petrochemical parks have complicated safety hazards. In order to improve the safety management capability of my country’s island-type petrochemical parks, this paper analyzes the risk sources of the island-type petrochemical parks from the four subsystems of human, machine, environment and management, and uses the network analytic hierarchy process (ANP) to calculate the correlation weights between the indicators. The establishment of an evaluation model for the safety level of island-type petrochemical parks and quantitative analysis of the safety level of island-type petrochemical parks are of great significance for guiding the safety work of my country’s island-type petrochemical parks.

Early medieval island-type lake dwellings in north-western Poland: Western Slavonic crannogs?

In many regions of Europe there are so-called lake-dwellings, which were described in 1890 by Robert Munro, and have a close spatial and functional relation withinland water systems and seas. Settlements of this type are also known from the area of north-western Poland, where the landscape is dominated by lakes. Characteristicamong them are early medieval settlements entirely occupying small islands located within lake basins (Parsęcko, Żółte and Myślibórz in Pomerania – Pomorze; Nowy Dworek, Chycina and Lubniewice in Lubusz Land – ziemia lubuska). In their external appearance, they resemble British crannogs, especially in their size, the anthropogenic structure of the islands, wooden quays, piers and bridge crossings connecting the islands with the nearby mainland. An important feature of the islands where such structures are sited is their characteristic location – directly on the long-distance routes, in the settlement border zone, in the vicinity of the main watersheds of Lubusz Land andPomerania. They were also part of local settlement clusters, which often included contemporary defensive settlements. They were central places, especially important from the point of view of the identity of local territorial communities. Their functions should be considered not only in the social and political dimension, but probably also in the mythical and sacral one.

Variation in adjunct islands: The case of Norwegian

Finite adjunct clauses are often assumed to be among the strongest islands for filler–gap dependency creation cross-linguistically, but Kush, Lohndal & Sprouse (2019) found experimental evidence suggesting that finite conditional om-adjunct clauses are not islands for topicalization in Norwegian. To investigate the generality of these findings, we ran three acceptability judgment experiments testing topicalization out of three adjunct clause types: om ‘if’, når ‘when’ and fordi ‘because’ in Norwegian. Largely replicating Kush et al. (2019), we find evidence for the absence of strong island effects with topicalization from om-adjuncts in all three experiments. We find island effects for når- and fordi-adjuncts, but the size of the effects and the underlying judgment distributions that produce those effects differ greatly by island type. Our results suggest that the syntactic category ‘adjunct’ may not constitute a suitably fine-grained grouping to explain variation in island effects.

Investigation of Island/ Single Core and Archipelago/ Multicore Enriched Asphaltenes and Their Solubility Fractions by Thermal Analysis Coupled to High Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

<p>Despite extensive research, the molecular-level chemical characterization of asphaltenes, a highly aromatic solubility fraction of petroleum, remains an analytical challenge. This fraction is related to diverse problems in crude oil exploration, transportation, and refining. Two asphaltene architecture motifs are commonly discussed in literature, “island” (single core) and “archipelago” (multicore) type structures. The thermal desorption and pyrolysis behavior of island- and archipelago-enriched as-phaltenes and their extrography fractions was investigated. For this purpose, the evolved chemical pattern was investigated by thermal analysis coupled to ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Soft atmospheric pressure chemical ionization preserved the molecular information of the thermal emission profile. Time/temperature-resolved analysis allowed the chemical characterization of occluded material as well as of asphaltene building blocks during pyrolysis.</p><p>Regarding the thermogravimetric information, the island-type enriched sample (Wyoming asphal-tenes) revealed a significantly higher coke residue after the pyrolysis process compared to the archi-pelago-type enriched sample (Athabasca asphaltenes). In contrast to whole asphaltenes, extrograph-ic fractions revealed occluded material evolved during the desorption phase. For the acetone frac-tion, this effect was most abundant and suggests cooperative aggregation.</p><p>Pyrolysis revealed a bimodal behavior for most of the compound classes suggesting the presence of both architecture motifs in each asphaltene. DBE versus #C diagrams of the pyrolysis molecular pro-file revealed specific compositional trends: compounds with high DBE values and short alkylation likely to be originated from island-type asphaltenes, whereas species with low DBE values and high carbon numbers likely derive from archipelago-type asphaltenes.</p><p>In the asphaltene structural debate, thermal analysis ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry serves as additional technique and supplements results obtainable by other techniques, such as direct infu-sion approaches. Consistent results on the structural motifs are indicated by the molecular finger-print visualized by DBE versus #C diagrams and serve as measure for the dominance of a structural motif.</p>

Investigation of Island/ Single Core and Archipelago/ Multicore Enriched Asphaltenes and Their Solubility Fractions by Thermal Analysis Coupled to High Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

<p>Despite extensive research, the molecular-level chemical characterization of asphaltenes, a highly aromatic solubility fraction of petroleum, remains an analytical challenge. This fraction is related to diverse problems in crude oil exploration, transportation, and refining. Two asphaltene architecture motifs are commonly discussed in literature, “island” (single core) and “archipelago” (multicore) type structures. The thermal desorption and pyrolysis behavior of island- and archipelago-enriched as-phaltenes and their extrography fractions was investigated. For this purpose, the evolved chemical pattern was investigated by thermal analysis coupled to ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Soft atmospheric pressure chemical ionization preserved the molecular information of the thermal emission profile. Time/temperature-resolved analysis allowed the chemical characterization of occluded material as well as of asphaltene building blocks during pyrolysis.</p><p>Regarding the thermogravimetric information, the island-type enriched sample (Wyoming asphal-tenes) revealed a significantly higher coke residue after the pyrolysis process compared to the archi-pelago-type enriched sample (Athabasca asphaltenes). In contrast to whole asphaltenes, extrograph-ic fractions revealed occluded material evolved during the desorption phase. For the acetone frac-tion, this effect was most abundant and suggests cooperative aggregation.</p><p>Pyrolysis revealed a bimodal behavior for most of the compound classes suggesting the presence of both architecture motifs in each asphaltene. DBE versus #C diagrams of the pyrolysis molecular pro-file revealed specific compositional trends: compounds with high DBE values and short alkylation likely to be originated from island-type asphaltenes, whereas species with low DBE values and high carbon numbers likely derive from archipelago-type asphaltenes.</p><p>In the asphaltene structural debate, thermal analysis ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry serves as additional technique and supplements results obtainable by other techniques, such as direct infu-sion approaches. Consistent results on the structural motifs are indicated by the molecular finger-print visualized by DBE versus #C diagrams and serve as measure for the dominance of a structural motif.</p>

ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN TYPOLOGY OF CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PLACES

The article proposes a typology of the historical places in a city for their identification and typification. Classification is based on the analysis of the structural techniques that determine the morphological features of historical places in the urban structure. The use of fuzzy logics seems to be an actual tool to achieve objectivity in the analysis of territories of different development. The hierarchy of the regulated order is determined by the following system of factors: sustainable urban framework - ordinary buildings – visual accents; building-blockbuster, visual gap. Taking into account the sustainability, the following cultural and historical places are identified: the museum cluster, cultural and historical island, cultural and historical island of a mixed type, island-type town-planning with historical buildings, modern cluster.