scholarly journals Biplot analysis of trait relations of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) landraces

Genetika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 675-690
Author(s):  
Naser Sabaghnia ◽  
Mehdi Mohebodini ◽  
Mohsen Janmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Spinach Leaf

Interest in growing winter spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Iran is increasing due to its good nutritional potential returns relative to other vegetable crops. The objectives of this research were to investigate the interrelationships among different traits of spinach and to evaluate different Iranian spinach landraces with application of the genotype ? trait (GT) biplot methodology in visualizing research data. 81 spinach landraces were grown during 2-years according to randomized complete block design with four replications. Ranking of the genotypes based on the ideal entry revealed that genotypes G1, G20, G7, G8, G9, G27, G49 G70 and G79 were higher in the measured traits and could be good candidates for improving most of the measured traits. Ranking of traits for the leaf yield showed that petiole diameter, petiole length, leaf numbers at flowering, 1000-seed weight and root dry weight were the most discriminating traits which influence spinach leaf yield at both years. There were 9 winning genotypes and 4 which-won-where patterns at the first year while there were 8 winning genotypes and 4 which-won-where patterns at the second year. As a result, the findings from our study are as follows: (i) traits leaf numbers at flowering, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petiole diameter and petiole length could be as selection indices for spinach leaf yield improvement, (ii) genotypes G1, G20, G7, G8, G9, G27, G49 G70, and G79 were the most favorable and is thus recommended for commercial release or incorporating in breeding programs; (iii) the GT biplot method can be used to identify superior genotypes in other crops and in other parts of the world.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Naungan Tegakan Pohon Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Beberapa Tanaman Sayuran Indigenous

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Ekawati ◽  
Anas D. Susila ◽  
Juang G. Kartika
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Cosmos Caudatus ◽  
Talinum Triangulare ◽  
Better Than

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p><br />The objectives of this research was to study the effect of shade on growth and productivity of several indigenous vegetables. The research was conducted at Vegetable Garden, University Farm IPB, Darmaga from February until June 2009. This research was arranged in a Randomized Completely Block Design, 1 factor with 2 treatments, shading (N1) and no shading (N0). Result of the research showed that shading increased plant height, length of branch, leaf length and width of Daun Ginseng (Talinum triangulare); leaf diameter, leaf length and width, petiole length of Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens); leaf length and width of Katuk ( Sauropus androgynus); leaf number of Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), stem diameter of Kemangi (Ocimum americanum); plant height, length of branch, number of branch, leaf length and width of Pohpohan (Pilea trinervia). Shading also increased total fresh and dry weight/plant of Daun Ginseng; and total fresh/plant of Sambung Nyawa and Pohpohan plants. Productivity of Daun Ginseng and Pohpohan at shade field was better than at open field. Daun Ginseng, Sambung Nyawa, Kenikir, Kemangi and Pohpohan plants prefered growing at low light intensity (shade <br />plants).</p><p><br />Key words: indigenous vegetable, shading, growth, productivity</p>

scholarly journals Graphic Analysis of Trait Relations of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Landraces Using the Biplot Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1187-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Sabaghnia ◽  
Farhad Behtash ◽  
Mohsen Janmohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Total Variation ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Graphic Analysis ◽  
Efficient Breeding

Interest in growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in Iran is increasing due to its potential returns relative to other leafy vegetable crops. An experiment was conducted to examine the influencing characters on spinach by using 54 spinach landraces with application of the biplot methodology in visualizing research data. The study revealed that genotype by trait (GT) biplot can graphically display the interrelationships among traits and facilitate visual comparison of genotypes. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) of the site regression model accounted for 66% of the total variation in 54 landraces and accounted for 78% of the total variation in 16 clusters which are generated from cluster analysis of above landraces. The polygon view of GT biplot suggested seven sections for the 54 landraces and suggested four sections for the 16 clusters. The vertex landrace G38 had longest days to flowering and the vertex landrace G20 had most values for the other measured traits. The other vertex genotypes were not good in any traits. The vertex clusters were C1, C4, C8, and C14 which cluster C8 had the highest values of flowering period, leaf length and petiole diameter while, cluster C14 had the highest values for the other traits. The results can be used to design efficient breeding strategies in spinach.

scholarly journals Transfer of Cadmium from Soil to Vegetable Crops

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
MZ Hossain ◽  
SM Ullah ◽  
SA Ahad ◽  
MB Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Amaranthus Tricolor ◽  
Transfer Factors ◽  
Key Words Cadmium ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Weight Concentration ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
The Mean

A pot experiment was conducted in order to study the transfer of Cd from soil to the vegetable crops namely Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Lal sak (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Data sak (Amaranthus spinosis L.). The mean transfer factors (concentration in plant dry weight / concentration in soil dry weight) varied from 2.030 to 6.785 in root and 0.166 to 0.525 in shoot. The following mean Cd-transfer factors (DW /DW) were obtained; Lettuce (root: 6.785, shoot: 0.271), Spinach (root: 4.775, shoot: 0.385), Lal sak (root: 2.03, shoot: 0.166) and Data sak (root: 3.445, shoot: 0.525). The transfer factor of Cd in roots of vegetables decreased in the order: Lettuce>Spinach>Data sak>Lal sak; while in shoots it was Data sak>Spinach>Lettuce>Lal sak. Key words: Cadmium, transfer, soil and vegetables crops. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(3), 327-334, 2007

scholarly journals Site-specific serine phosphorylation of spinach leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase

1992 ◽  
Vol 283 (3) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L A Huber ◽  
S C Huber
Keyword(s):  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Serine Phosphorylation ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Spinach Leaf ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

We recently reported [Huber, Huber & Nielsen (1989) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 270, 681-690] that spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) was phosphorylated in vivo when leaves were fed [32P]Pi. In vitro the enzyme was phosphorylated and inactivated by using [gamma-32P]ATP. We now report that SPS is phosphorylated both in vivo and in vitro on serine residues. The protein is phosphorylated at multiple sites both in vivo and in vitro as indicated by two-dimensional peptide maps of the immunopurified SPS protein. After being fed with radiolabel, leaves were illuminated or given mannose (which activates the enzyme), in the presence or absence of okadaic acid. Feeding okadaic acid to leaves decreased the SPS activation state in the dark and light and in leaves fed mannose. Across all the treatments, the activation state of SPS in situ was inversely related to the labelling of two phosphopeptides (designated phosphopeptides 5 and 7). These two phosphopeptides are phosphorylated when SPS is inactivated in vitro with [gamma-32P]ATP, and thus are designated as regulatory (inhibitory) sites [Huber & Huber (1991) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1091, 393-400]. Okadaic acid increased the total 32P-labelling of SPS and in particular increased labelling of the two regulatory sites, which explains the decline in activation state. In the presence of okadaic acid, two cryptic phosphorylation sites became labelled in vivo that were not apparent in the absence of the inhibitor. Overall, the results suggest that light/dark regulation of SPS activity occurs as a result of regulatory serine phosphorylation. Multiple sites are phosphorylated in vivo, but two sites in particular appear to regulate activity and dephosphorylation of these sites in vivo is sensitive to okadaic acid.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Biochar and Sewage Sludge on Bioavailability and Plant Uptake of Cu, Fe, and Zn, and Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Yields under Wastewater Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Ugele Majaule ◽  
Oagile Dikinya ◽  
Bruno Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L

Biochar can influence bioavailability of micronutrients and crop yields in sewage sludge-treated soils, but the mechanisms of its effects remain poorly understood. Therefore, this field experiment was conducted on a Luvisol and Cambisol to investigate the bioavailability and uptake of some micronutrients and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) yields grown in soil amended with biochar and sewage sludge. Ten treatments arranged in randomized complete block design with three levels of biochar (0, 2.5, 5 t/ha) and sewage sludge (0, 6, 12 t/ha) and combinations thereof were applied. High rate of sole sewage sludge, and its combination with biochar significantly (p < 0.05) increased yield on the Luvisol. On the Cambisol, only marginal yield increase resulted from high rates of sole organic amendments and chemical fertilizer, while co-applications decreased yields. Co-amendments generally increased bioavailability of micronutrients relative to sole amendments in the order Fe > Cu = Zn, with greater increase on the Cambisol, but uptake of micronutrients decreased with co-application rates of amendments. Contents of micronutrients in plant leaves were within the normal range, except for a combination of highest dosage of co-amendments on the Cambisol (Fe; 560 mg/kg), which resulted in leaf necrosis and 7% yield depression. The results showed greater yield response of spinach to co-application of amendments on the Luvisol.

Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation, Growth and Yield of Vegetables

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Saima Kausar ◽  
Shahla Faizan ◽  
Irfana Haneef
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Trigonella Foenum Graecum L

Use of wastewater for irrigation is on the rise in India and other developing countries. Wastewater contains plant nutrients that favour crop growth but leave a burden of heavy metals which can enter the food chain and is a cause of great concern. This study was conducted to explore the possibility of using wastewater to grow four vegetables fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and carrot (Daucus carotaL.). Two aspects namely (1) effect on plant growth and yield (2) accumulation of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in leaves and roots of the plant have been presented in this paper. The physico-chemical analysis of the wastewater showed that it was rich in total suspended and dissolved solids with large amount of BOD and COD. The higher amount of Cl-, Ca++, Mg++ and K+ were also present in the effluent. The heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) content in wastewater is comparatively more than groundwater (GW). The values of these heavy metals were slightly higher in the soil irrigated with wastewater. The effluent severely affects crop plants and soil properties when used for irrigation. The growth characteristics (plant length, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf number and leaf area) as well as yield characteristics (seed number, 1000 seed weight and seed yield) of all the plants, irrigated with 100% wastewater, were more than that with groundwater. The pattern of increase for the plants was fenugreek greater than radish greater than spinach greater than carrot. Though the wastewater contains low levels of the heavy metals, the soil and plant samples show higher values due to accumulation, but their level was under permissible limits in plants. The trend of metal accumulation in wastewater-irrigated soil is in the order: Pb greater than Ni greater than Zn greater than Cu greater than Cr greater than Cd. Of the four plants that are grown, the order of total heavy metal accumulation in roots is Carrot greater than Radish, while in leaves the order is Spinach greater than Fenugreek. The enrichment factor (EF) of the heavy metals in contaminated soil is in the sequence of Ni (3.1) greater than Pb (2.6) greater than Cd (2.35) greater than Zn (2.18) greater than Cu (1.66) greater than Cr (1.05), while in plants EF varies depending upon the species and plant part. Radish and carrot show a high transfer factor (TF greater than 1) for Cd signifying a high mobility of Cd from soil to plant whereas the TF values for Pb are very low as it is not bioavailable. Thus, it may be concluded that wastewater may be used profitably for the cultivation of these vegetables and could effectively supplement not only the nutrient requirement of the crop but may also act as the source of water..

scholarly journals The effect of nitrogen form and air temperature during foliar fertilization on gas exchange, the yield and nutritive value of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Borowski ◽  
Sławomir Michałek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea L ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract A pot experiment conducted in a growth chamber studied the effectiveness of foliar fertilization of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), with different forms of nitrogen applied with the air temperatures: 5°C, 15°C and 25°C. Nitrogen was supplied three times in the form of 1% water solutions of CO(NH2)2, NH4NO3, NH4HCO3 and Ca(NO3)2 × 4 H2O, with water as the control. The obtained results showed that nitrogen in the form of Ca(NO3)2 × 4 H2O - independent of the air temperature during solution application - is the least useful in foliar fertilization of spinach leaves, whereas the effectiveness of the other forms was similar, although the best effects were given by NH4NO3. Application of all forms of nitrogen at the air temperature of 25°C had the most positive effect on the course of gas exchange (stomatal conductivity, photosynthesis, transpiration). Despite that, the highest leaf yield with the highest content of nitrogen, total chlorophyll (a + b), carotenoids and vitamin C, and the lowest content of nitrates, was given by plants with foliar application of all nitrogen forms at the temperature of 15°C.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Produktivitas Lahan Gambut melalui Teknik Ameliorasi dan Inokulasi Mikroba Pelarut Fosfat

Jurnal Agro ◽  
10.15575/76 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ida Nur Istina ◽  
Benny Joy ◽  
Aisyah D Suyono
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing

Keterbatasan lahan potensial menyebabkan perluasan areal pertanian mengarah pada lahan gambut. Kendala pengembangan lahan gambut adalah rendahnya kandungan hara tersedia bagi tanaman. Fosfat (P) merupakan salah satu unsur hara makro yang penting untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman, disisi lain ketersediaan hara ini pada lahan gambut terbatas karena ikatan asam organik dan sifat yang mudah tercuci. Penelitian untuk menguji pengaruh ameliorasi dan inokulasi mikroba pelarut fosfat terhadap ketersediaan hara P di lahan gambut dilakukan di kebun pembibitan kelapa sawit petani di Riau dari Oktober 2013 - Maret 2014, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola Faktorial dengan 30 kombinasi perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Variabel yang diamati meliputi : tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang, jumlah daun, lebar daun, panjang daun, kandungan hara tanaman, dan bobot biomasa bibit setelah 5 bulan di pembibitan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ameliorasi menggunakan kompos tandan kosong kelapa sawit mampu meningkatkan P tersedia, serapan P oleh batang dan akar, berat brangkasan dan berat kering batang. Sedangkan mikroba pelarut fosfat berpengaruh secara tidak nyata.The limitation of potential land leads agricultural development expansion to the peat soil area. Constrain of the peatland development is the low nutrient content that is required by plant. Phosphate is one of major growth and production limiting nutrient because of the solublelize of the organic acids and immobility The research was conducted from October 2013 – March 2014 at the farmer main nursery in Riau province to test the effect of amelioration and phosphate solubilizing microbe inoculation on P availability on palm oil seedling growth and production at peatland, used Randomized Block Design with 30 treatments and 3 replications. The parameters observed were plant height, leaf number, leaf width, leaf length, stem diameters, nutrient contents, also fresh and dry weight after 5 months at the main nursery. The result showed that palm oil empty fruit bunch compost as ameliorant increased P nutrient avaibility, P uptake, fresh and dry weight, whereas phosphate solubilizing microbe was unsignificant.

scholarly journals Leaf Morphological Chara cteristics of Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) as Affected by Different Colored Plastic Mulch

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmar Franquera
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
The University ◽  
Leaf Lettuce

Looseleaf and Romaine lettuce were grown in a vegetable experimental station in the University of the Philippines Los Banos to determine the effect of the different colored plastic mulch on the leaf morphological characteristics of the two lettuce varieties. A split plot following the Randomized Completely Block Design was used. Results of the study showed that red plastic mulch exhibited better response in terms of the different leaf morphology of the leaf lettuce. Lettuce leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf fresh and dry weight were higher when grown with red plastic mulch compared with the other colored plastic mulch. The result of the study showed that the color of the mulch had significant effect on the leaf morphological characteristics of the leaf lettuce.

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