A Novel Antibacterial Component and the Mechanisms of an Amaranthus tricolor Leaf Ethyl Acetate Extract against Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the active ingredients in Amaranthus tricolor L. leaves and develop a biological pesticide. Organic solvent extraction, column chromatography, liquid chromatography, ODS-C18 reverse elution, Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration, H spectrum, and C spectrum were used to isolate the pure product for an assessment of the agricultural activity and bacteriostatic mechanisms. The results showed that the activity of the crude extract following carbon powder filtration was 1.63-fold that of the non-filtered extract. Further isolation was performed to obtain two pure products, namely, hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and benzo[b]furan-2-carboxaldehyde (BFC), and their molecular formulas and molecular weights were C7H6O3 and 138.12, and C9H6O2 and 146.12, respectively. Our study is the first to determine that HBA has bacteriostatic activity (MIC 125 μg/mL) and is also the first to isolate BFC from A. tricolor. The ultrastructure observation results showed that HBA caused the bacteria to become shriveled, distorted, and deformed, as well as exhibit uneven surfaces. After HBA treatment, 70 differentially expressed metabolites were detected in the bacteria, of which 9 were downregulated and 61 were upregulated. The differentially expressed metabolites were mainly strigolactones, organic acids and derivatives, fatty acids, benzene and substituted benzene derivatives, amino acids and associated metabolites, and alcohols and amines. Among all of the downregulated differentially expressed metabolites, MEDP1280 was the most critical, as it participates in many physiological and biochemical processes. The enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed metabolites mainly participate in tyrosine metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Additionally, HBA was found to disrupt cell membrane permeability and integrity, causing the leakage of substances and apoptosis. The physiological and biochemical test results showed that HBA could increase the pyruvate levels in bacteria but could decrease the activities of respiratory enzymes (malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and NADH oxidase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)). Inverse molecular docking was used to study the binding between HBA and respiratory and antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that HBA could bind to MDH, NADH oxidase, SOD, and GSH-PX, suggesting that these enzymes may be the effector targets of HBA. Conclusion: The optimal active ingredient in A. tricolor that can inhibit Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli was identified as HBA. HBA mainly disrupts the cell membrane, damages the metabolic system, and inhibits respiration and antioxidant enzyme activity to control bacterial growth. These results provide a reference for the further development of biological pesticides.

Therapeutic Effect of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Extract on Pancreatic MDA Levels Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Exposed to MLD-STZ

Background: Several studies have reported that an increase in blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause complications to death that occur due to oxidative stress conditions due to excessive ROS production. Red spinach extract was found to be rich in antioxidant compounds. However, there has been no further research on the ability of red spinach to lower blood glucose levels and prevent oxidative stress, which can be seen from the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA; a marker of oxidative stress) in the DM body.Objective: This study aims to determine whether there is a change in blood glucose levels and MDA levels in DM animal models between the groups that were given red spinach extract and not.Methods: This study used white rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into 5 groups: K(-) group in which the rats were not induced by diabetogenic agent and were not treated; K(+) group, the rats were made DM induced by multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ); and T1, T2, and T3 groups were exposed to MLD-STZ and treated with red spinach extract (Amaranthus tricolor L.) at a dose of 200 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW and 400 mg/kgBW, respectively. Blood sugar levels were checked before and after treatment with extract using glucometer digital. Meanwhile, MDA levels were measured by TBA test using protein isolates from the pancreas of each rat.Results: The results showed that the average MDA levels in the K-, K+, T1, T2, and T3 groups were 1.759±0.08, 2.280±0.15, 2.303±0.11, 1.927±0.06, and 1.801±0.04. While the average blood sugar levels in the K-, K+, T1, T2, and T3 groups were 114.4±8.82, 464±72.78, 421.2±37.60, 140.6±20.19, and 176±13.06.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the administration of red spinach extract therapy in DM model rats was able to reduce both glucose levels and MDA levels. By lowering the levels of MDA compounds, it is also believed to be able to prevent oxidative stress in cells which causes tissue damage.

Standardization of optimum sieve size for maximizing seed quality in Amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.)

Vegetables have a critical function in human health and nutritional security. Vegetables are considered an essential building block of any diet. Out of the leafy vegetables, Amaranthus is the most popular and salable vegetable consumed by people all over India. Seed processing experiment was undertaken in Amaranthus tricolor (CO 2) by using the sieves placed inside the mechanical seed shaker (Gyratory sieve shaker) to improve the quality of Amaranthus seeds. The seeds of Amaranthus were size graded with seed shaker attached with various sieve size of BSS 18 X18 (R), BSS 20 X 20 (R), BSS 22 X 22 (R) and BSP 22 X 22 (P). During processing, the machine could be adjusted for 2, 3, 4 and 5 minutes with an oscillating speed of 1440 rpm. The separated seeds were evaluated for seed quality characteristics such as seed germination percentage, shoot length, root length, dry matter production, 1000 seed weight and seed recovery percentage. The results revealed that the sieve size of BSS 22 X 22 (R=retained) mesh sieve had the better quality seeds with a maximum recovery of 67.41 g and when it is operated for a period of 5 minutes. The germination percentage was improved from 77 % to 95 % with 1000 seed weight of 73.21 mg, and the observed recovery was 56 per cent with the vigour index of 1145. Hence, BSS 22 X 22 retained mesh sieve with a duration of 5 minutes could be recommended as an optimum sieve size for grading Amaranthus seeds for improving the seed quality.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN BAYAM MERAH (Amaranthus tricolor L.) TERHADAP KADAR LDL DAN HDL PADA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) GALUR WISTAR JANTAN YANG DIBERI DIET TINGGI LEMAK

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a condition where there is an increase or decrease in the lipid fraction in the blood due to a metabolic disorder of the lipid itself. The lipid fraction that experienced abnormalities was usually an increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and a decrease in HDL cholesterol (Perkeni, 2015). Anthocyanin compounds are one of the flavonoid compounds that have the potential as an alternative therapy for dyslipidemia. The leaves of red chicken (Amaranthus tricolor L.) contain anthocyanin compounds that can be used as an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia.Objective: To determine the effect of red spinach leaf extract (Amaranthus tricolor L.) on LDL and HDL blood of white wistar rats induced by a high-fat diet.Methodology: Methods Reviewing articles according to the issue to be studied. It was carried out according to the PICOST analysis, namely population, intervention, comparison, output, study and times from 583 selected journals and 5 journals. Results: Literature from 5 journals contained 5 journals discussing red spinach leaf extract (Amaranthus tricolor L.) (100%), 5 journals discussing high-fat diets (100%), 4 journals discussing blood LDL (80%) and 3 journals. discussed blood HDL (60%). Conclusion: The administration of red spinach leaf extract (Amaranthus tricolor L.) affected the blood LDL of rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW to 800 mg/kg BW and HDL rat blood at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW to 400 mg/kg BW . ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Hiperlipidemia adalah keadaan dimana terjadinya peningkatan ataupun penurunan fraksi lipid dalam darah karena adanya suatu kelainan metabolisme dari lipid itu sendiri. Fraksi lipid yang mengalami kelainan biasanya adalah kenaikan kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida Keywords: High Fat Diet, LDL, HDL, Red Spinach Leaf Extract , kolesterol LDL dan penurunan dari kolesterol HDL (Perkeni, 2015). Senyawa antosianin merupakan salah satu senyawa flavonoid yang dapat berpotensi sebagai terapi alternatif untuk dislipidemia. Pada daun ayam merah (Amaranthus tricolor L.) terdapat senyawaantosianin yang dapat digunakan sebagai terapi alternative hiperlipidemia.Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun bayam merah (Amaranthus tricolor L.) terhadap LDL dan HDL darah tikus putih wistar yang diinduksi diet tinggi lemak.Metodologi : Melakukan telaah artikel sesuai dengan issue yang akan diteliti. Dilakukan sesuai dengan analisis PICOST yaitu population, intervention, comparation, output, studi dan times dari 583 jurnal terpilih 5 jurnal.Hasil : Literature dari 5 jurnal terdapat 5 jurnal yang membahas tentang ekstrak daun bayam merah (Amaranthus tricolor L.) (100%), 5 jurnal membahas diet tinggi lemak (100%), 4 jurnal membahas LDL darah (80%) dan 3 jurnal membahas HDL darah (60%).Kesimpulan : Pemberian ekstrak daun bayam merah (Amaranthus tricolor L.) berpengaruh terhadap LDL darah tikus dengan dosis pemberian 200 mg/kg BB hingga 800 mg/kg BB dan HDL darah tikus dengan dosis pemberian 200 mg/kg BB hingga 400 mg/kg BB. Kata kunci : Diet Tinggi Lemak, LDL, HDL, Ekstrak Daun Bayam Merah

Production of Genistein in Amaranthus tricolor var. tristis and Spinacia oleracea by Expression of Glycine max Isoflavone Synthase

Isoflavonoids, the diverse group of secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, are distributed predominantly in leguminous plants. It has received considerable attention in recent days due to its health promoting benefits and is known to prevent certain diseases in humans. These isoflavonoids are synthesized from flavonoid intermediates of phenylpropanoid pathway by the enzyme isoflavone synthase. Metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in non-legume crop plants could offer the health benefits of these compounds in diverse plant species further contributing for crop improvement. The transient expression of heterologous genes in the host is considered as an alternative to stable expression, that can provide a rapid way of studying the pathway engineering for metabolite production and could also act as a production platform for nutraceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. In this study, isoflavone genistein was produced in Amaranthus tricolor var. tristis and Spinacia oleracea by transiently expressing Glycine max isoflavone synthase (GmIFS). The GmIFS gene was cloned in plant expression vector pEarleyGate 102 HA and pEAQ-HT-DEST 3 and transformed into plants by agroinfiltration. The presence of transgene in the agroinfiltrated leaves was confirmed by semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The flavonoid substrate naringenin and isoflavonoid genistein were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography in both wild-type and infiltrated leaf samples of both the plants. The naringenin content varied in the range of 65.5–338.5 nM/g fresh weight, while the accumulation of genistein was observed with varying concentrations from 113 to 182.6 nM/g fresh weight in the agroinfiltrated leaf samples of both A. tricolor var. tristis and S. oleracea. These results indicate that the transient expression of GmIFS gene has led to the synthesis of isoflavonoid genistein in A. tricolor var. tristis and S. oleracea providing an insight that stable expression of this gene could enrich the nutraceutical content in the crop plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on transient expression of GmIFS gene for the production of genistein in A. tricolor var. tristis and S. oleracea.

Physiological Screening for Drought Tolerance Traits in Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) Germplasm

Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), an underutilized climate smart crop, is highly nutritious and possesses diverse drought tolerance traits, making it an ideal crop to thrive in a rapidly changing climate. Despite considerable studies on the growth and physiology of plants subjected to drought stress, a precise trait phenotyping strategy for drought tolerance in vegetable amaranth is still not well documented. In this study, two drought screening trials were carried out on 44 A. tricolor accessions in order to identify potential drought-tolerant A. tricolor germplasm and to discern their physiological responses to drought stress. The findings revealed that a change in stem biomass was most likely the main mechanism of drought adaptation for stress recovery, and dark-adapted quantum yield (Fv/Fm) could be a useful parameter for identifying drought tolerance in amaranth. Three drought tolerance indices: geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP) and stress tolerance index (STI) identified eight drought-tolerant accessions with stable performance across the two screening trials. The highly significant genotypic differences observed in several physiological traits among the amaranth accessions indicate that the amaranth panel used in this study could be a rich source of genetic diversity for breeding purposes for drought tolerance traits.

STUDI LITERATUR PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN BAYAM MERAH (Amaranthus tricolor L.) TERHADAP KADAR SGOT DAN SGPT PADA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus) JANTAN GALUR WISTAR YANG DIBERI DIET TINGGI LEMAK

Background : The prevalence of hyperlipidemia in Indonesia is increasing from year to year, in 2008 it was recorded at 35.1%. Then in 2013 it increased to 35.9%(WHO, 2013). Increased hyperlipidemia triggers Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)(Ghanaei et al., 2019). NAFLD conditions cause liver cell damage, causing increased levels of liver enzymes such as SGOT and SGPT (Prahastuti et al., 2020). According to Pradana et al. (2017) it is said that red spinach leaf extract has antioxidant activity that is able to inhibit the incision of the oxidation chain reaction because it contains flavonoid compounds, quercetin, tannins, and saponins which have the potential as a preventive therapy for fatty liver. Objective: To determine the effect of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) leaf extract on SGOT and SGPT levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) fed a high-fat diet. Research Methods: The research method uses a literature study. The database in the literature study was obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed and NCBI which was taken by Population, Intervention, Comparation, Output, Study, and Time (PICOST) from 5,166 journals and finally 8 journals were obtained. Results: Literature from 8 journals is known to have 8 that discuss red spinach leaf extract. Conclusion: From the literature obtained, there was an effect of giving red spinach leaf extract (Amaranthus tricolor L.) on the levels of SGOT and SGPT given a high-fat diet. The dose is 200mg/kgBB and 400mg/kgBB with a duration of administration of 7 to 29 days. Keyword : High fat diet, Red Spinach Extract, Hyperlipidemia, NAFLD, SGOT, SGPT, White Rat

Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Jenis Pupuk terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Bayam Cabut (Amaranthus tricolor L.) di Kampung Adibaboi, Kelurahan Pasir Putih, Distrik Manokwari Timur, Kabupaten Manokwari, Provinsi Papua Barat

Bayam Amaranthus sp. adalah tanaman sayuran yang berasal dari wilayah Amerika. Jenis bayam yang sering dibudidayakan adalah bayam cabut (Amaranthus tricolor). Penggunaan pupuk organik maupun pupuk anorganik dalam budidaya bayam perlu dilakukan agar dapat meningkatkan produktivitas bayam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari pemberian berbagai jenis pupuk terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman bayam cabut serta mengenalkan kepada petani tentang pupuk NPK, pupuk hayati (ecofarming) dan pupuk kandang (kotoran sapi). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kampung Adibaboi, Distrik Manokwari Timur, Kabupaten Manokwari. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan setiap faktor terdiri dari 3 taraf perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan sehingga didapat 9 kombinasi perlakuan, faktor perlakuan yang diuji adalah varietas bayam cabut dan jenis pupuk. Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, dan berat segar tanaman. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam atau analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut menggunakan Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). Uji lanjut DMRT menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh pupuk NPK pada varietas bayam maestro memberikan hasil tertinggi pada setiap parameter pengukuran. Pengaruh pupuk kandang dengan bayam varietas maestro memberikan hasil tertinggi kedua pada setiap parameter pengukuran, kemudian pengaruh pupuk ecofarming dengan bayam varietas belang memberikan hasil yang paling rendah pada setiap parameter pengukuran.