scholarly journals Analysis of T-786C and 4a/b endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in retinopathy of prematurity

Genetika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelica Pantelic ◽  
Tatjana Varljen ◽  
Nela Maksimovic ◽  
Biljana Jekic ◽  
Ana Oros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Enos Gene ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vascular proliferative disorder of retina, that causes visual impairment in premature children. Beside well known risk factors such as short gestational age, low birth weight and early oxygen exposure, genetic susceptibility is considered as a risk factor for development of the disease. The aim of our study was to explore the association of T-786C and 4a/b eNOS gene polymorphisms with the development of severe ROP. Study included 174 preterm infants, 84 with ROP and 90 as a control group. No differences have been observed in genotypes and alleles distributions of eNOS T-786C and eNOS 4a/b polymorphisms between two analyzed groups. There was significant difference in female infants by dominant model for 4a/b genotypes (4bb/4ba+4aa). Namely, female infants in ROP group were more frequently carriers of 4ba and 4aa genotypes than female infants in control group (p=0.037). Analysis of association between 4a/b eNOS polymorphism and ROP among preterm infants have not shown statistically significant association (p=0.288). Gestational age values by recessive model (4bb+4ba/4aa) were significantly lower in infants with 4aa genotype (t=2.034 p=0.044). Almost all detected 4aa genotypes were present in the group of infants with gestational age under 30 weeks (p=0.032), but multivariate linear regression analysis does not show association of 4a/b genotypes with gestational age of premature infants. According to results of the present study T-786C and 4a/b polymorphisms of the eNOS gene may not be the risk factors for the manifestation of severe ROP in Serbian infants.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase G894T, intron 4 VNTR, and T786C polymorphisms in retinopathy of prematurity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
F. Tekkeşin ◽  
M. Yurdakok ◽  
E. Gumus ◽  
M.O. Babaoglu ◽  
A. Bozkurt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Enos Gene ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Functional Polymorphisms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Intron 4

BACKGROUND: Our objective in this study was to assess the association between eNOS gene, that achieves synthesis of nitric oxide especially in the endothelial cells known to have an important role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, G894T, intron 4 VNTR (27-bp repeat) and T786C functional polymorphisms and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which is an important cause of morbidity in premature or low birth weight babies. METHODS: A total of 139 babies who were followed up in our neonatal intensive care unit because of premature birth in our hospital or admitted to our unit. 69 of them had retinopathy of prematurity and comprised the patients group. The remaining 70 babies who did not have ROP comprised the control group. An additional of 1 ml of blood samples were drawn from babies who were in the study groups during routine laboratory analysis. eNOS gene polymorphisms were determined by using polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: eNOS G894T, intron 4 VNTR and T786C gene polymorphisms did not differ between the patient and control groups (p >  0.05). Using logistic regression analysis; while gender did not differ between two groups; gestational age, birth weight, time on mechanical ventilation differ between two groups. After adjustment for variables other than eNOS gene polymorphisms, we found no significant difference in the genotype distribution of eNOS G894T, intron 4 VNTR and T786C polymorphisms (p >  0.05). CONCLUSION: We observed no association between ROP and eNOS gene polymorphisms but needs more investigation.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated with Retinopathy of Prematurity in Very and Extremely Preterm Infants

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Claudia Ioana Borțea ◽  
Florina Stoica ◽  
Marioara Boia ◽  
Emil Radu Iacob ◽  
Mihai Dinu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Extremely Preterm ◽  
Extremely Preterm Infants ◽  
Surfactant Administration ◽  
Stage 1

Background and Objectives: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the leading cause of blindness in preterm infants. We studied the relationship between different perinatal characteristics, i.e., sex; gestational age (GA); birth weight (BW); C-reactive protein (CRP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations; ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and surfactant administration; and the incidence of Stage 1–3 ROP. Materials and Methods: This study included 247 preterm infants with gestational age (GA) < 32 weeks that were successfully screened for ROP. Univariate and multivariate binary analyses were performed to find the most significant risk factors for ROP (Stage 1–3), while multivariate multinomial analysis was used to find the most significant risk factors for specific ROP stages, i.e., Stage 1, 2, and 3. Results: The incidence of ROP (Stage 1–3) was 66.40% (164 infants), while that of Stage 1, 2, and 3 ROP was 15.38% (38 infants), 27.53% (68 infants), and 23.48% (58 infants), respectively. Following univariate analysis, multiple perinatal characteristics, i.e., GA; BW; and ventilation, CPAP, and surfactant administration, were found to be statistically significant risk factors for ROP (p < 0.001). However, in a multivariate model using the same characteristics, only BW and ventilation were significant ROP predictors (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Multivariate multinomial analysis revealed that BW was only significantly correlated with Stage 2 and 3 ROP (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively), while ventilation was only significantly correlated with Stage 2 ROP (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results indicate that GA; BW; and the use of ventilation, CPAP, and surfactant were all significant risk factors for ROP (Stage 1–3), but only BW and ventilation were significantly correlated with ROP and specific stages of the disease, namely Stage 2 and 3 ROP and Stage 2 ROP, respectively, in multivariate models.

Disseminated Candidal Infections and Intravenous Hydrocortisone in Preterm Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-887
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Botas ◽  
Isabel Kurlat ◽  
Shirley M. Young ◽  
Augusto Sola
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Major Teaching Hospital ◽  
Intensive Care Nursery

Background. Intravenous (IV) hydrocortisone (HC) has been used recently in selected preterm infants for hypotension soon after birth. During the same time period that HC was used, there was a marked increase in the incidence of disseminated candidal infections (DCIs). Objective. To determine whether there is an association between DCI in the first 35 days of life and IV HC in preterm infants. Research design. A hospital case-control study comparing the exposure of HC between preterm infants with DCI and matched infants without DCI. Setting. A tertiary level intensive care nursery in a major teaching hospital in San Francisco, CA. Patients. Seventeen preterm infants with DCI and 25 infants without DCI, with gestational age younger than 28 weeks and birth weight less than 1000 g, inborn and outborn admitted to the intensive care nursery between January 1992 and September 1993. Methods. All preterm infants diagnosed with DCI at younger than 35 days of age were identified using a perinatal and neonatal database. DCI was defined as a blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or two urine cultures positive for Candida requiring antifungal therapy. A control group of uninfected infants matched for the major risk factors for DCI (gestational age, birth weight, duration of intubation, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and IV alimentation, including lipids and central venous catheters) admitted during the same period was identified using the same database. Postmatching comparison was performed for several other factors to detect any other differences between the groups. Results. The infants with DCI (n = 17) and control infants (n = 25) had no statistical difference in exposure to the major risk factors for DCI or in postmatching comparison. Ten (59%) of the infants with DCI were receiving HC at the time of infection, whereas four (16%) of the control infants received HC during the first 35 days of life. Infants with DCI were 7.5 times as likely as control infants (95% confidence interval, 5 to 11) to have received IV HC before the onset of fungal infection. Conclusion. We conclude that the administration of IV HC significantly increases the risk of DCI in susceptible preterm infants younger than 35 days of age. The potentially serious risks of DCI should be considered particularly in the patient selection process for administration of IV HC.

Early postnatal hyperglycaemia is a risk factor for treatment-demanding retinopathy of prematurity

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Slidsborg ◽  
Louise Bering Jensen ◽  
Steen Christian Rasmussen ◽  
Hans Callø Fledelius ◽  
Gorm Greisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Matching Criteria

BackgroundTo investigate whether neonatal hyperglycaemia in the first postnatal week is associated with treatment-demanding retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).MethodsThis is a Danish national, retrospective, case–control study of premature infants (birth period 2003–2006). Three national registers were searched, and data were linked through a unique civil registration number. The study sample consisted of 106 cases each matched with two comparison infants. Matching criteria were gestational age (GA) at birth, ROP not registered and born at the same neonatal intensive care unit. Potential ‘new’ risk factors were analysed in a multivariate logistic regression model, while adjusted for previously recognised risk factors (ie, GA at birth, small for gestational age, multiple birth and male sex).ResultsHospital records of 310 preterm infants (106 treated; 204 comparison infants) were available. Nutrition in terms of energy (kcal/kg/week) and protein (g/kg/week) given to the preterm infants during the first postnatal week were statistically insignificant between the study groups (Mann-Whitney U test; p=0.165/p=0.163). Early postnatal weight gain between the two study groups was borderline significant (t-test; p=0.047). Hyperglycaemic events (indexed value) were statistically significantly different between the two study groups (Mann-Whitney U test; p<0.001). Hyperglycaemia was a statistically independent risk factor (OR: 1.022; 95% CI 1.002 to 1.042; p=0.031).ConclusionAn independent association was found between the occurrence of hyperglycaemic events during the first postnatal week and later development of treatment-demanding ROP, when adjusted for known risk factors.

scholarly journals Validation of The DIGIROP-Birth Model in A Chinese Cohort

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sizhe Chen ◽  
Rong Wu ◽  
He Chen ◽  
Wenbei Ma ◽  
Shaolin Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Postnatal Risk Factors

Abstract Background We aimed to validate the predictive performance of the DIGIROP-Birth model for identifying treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity (TR-ROP) in Chinese preterm infants to evaluate its generalizability across countries and races. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of preterm infants who were screened for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a single Chinese hospital between June 2015 and August 2020. The predictive performance of the model for TR-ROP was assessed through the construction of a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the areas under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Results Four hundred and forty-two infants (mean (SD) gestational age = 28.8 (1.3) weeks; mean (SD) birth weight = 1237.0 (236.9) g; 64.7% males) were included in the study. Analyses showed that the DIGIROP-Birth model demonstrated less satisfactory performance than previously reported in identifying infants with TR-ROP, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.634 (95% confidence interval = 0.564–0.705). With a cutoff value of 0.0084, the DIGIROP-Birth model showed a sensitivity of 48/93 (51.6%), which increased to 89/93 (95.7%) after modification with the addition of postnatal risk factors. In infants with a gestational age < 28 weeks or birth weight < 1000 g, the DIGIROP-Birth model exhibited sensitivities of 36/39 (92.3%) and 20/23 (87.0%), respectively. Conclusions Although the predictive performance was less satisfactory in China than in developed countries, modification of the DIGIROP-Birth model with postnatal risk factors shows promise in improving its efficacy for TR-ROP. The model may also be effective in infants with a younger gestational age or with an extremely low birth weight.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF EYEMASKS ON REDUCING DISTRESS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY EXAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. e24-e24
Author(s):  
Matthew Speckert ◽  
Andrei-Alexandru Szigiato ◽  
Jeanne zielonka ◽  
Kathleen Hollamby ◽  
Eugene Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ventilator Support ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rop Screening

Abstract BACKGROUND Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of retinal development in the low birthweight preterm infant. Eye screening is routinely performed for infants at risk of developing this disorder. While these examinations help prevent blindness, they can be physiologically stressful for infants, with changes in oxygen saturation, blood pressure and heart rate occurring during the exam and increased apneic episodes reported the 24–48 hours period afterward. The cause of these increased apneic episodes is not currently known. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of decreasing light simulation during mydriasis on the frequency of stressful episodes after ROP screening. DESIGN/METHODS Multi-centre randomized study. This study was approved by hospital ethics boards at all sites. After informed consent was obtained, infants with a birthweight <1500g or gestational age of ≤32 weeks and scheduled for their first ROP screening were randomized to receive either standard of care or a phototherapy mask during pupil dilation, in addition to routine care. Dilated retinal exams were performed by retinal surgeons and fellows. The primary outcome was the frequency of any desaturation, bradycardic event, or apneic event 12 hours following the examination, compared to a baseline rate 12 hours prior to the exam. Heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were recorded for up to 48 hours following the examination and compared to baseline. RESULTS A total of 51 infants were enrolled; 28 randomized to the masked group and 23 to the control group. 10 and 13 infants were on ventilator support at the time of examination in each group, respectively. There was a 57.7% decrease in the total number of all stressful events in the masked group compared to controls in the 12 hour post exam period (Rate Ratio 0.42, 95% CI 0.2–0.9, P=0.024). There was a 61.3% decrease in the number of bradycardic events in the masked group compared to controls (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.2–1.0, P=0.042). Heart rate was significantly higher in both groups after the exam (Effect by time P=0.04), with no difference in between groups (Effect by group P=0.31). There was no significant difference seen in either group in respiratory rate or oxygen saturation at 2 or 4 hours after the ROP examination compared to baseline. Risk factors that were associated with increased stress included: younger gestational age (RR=1.32 95%CI [1.2–1.5] per week), lower birthweight (RR=1.39 [1.2–1.5] per 100g), ventilator support around the time of exam (RR=2.67 [1.3–5.6]), diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhage (RR=3.78 [1.9–7.3]), and hyponatremia (RR=3.42 [1.8–6.6]). No adverse events occurred while using eye masks. CONCLUSION The infants who wore a phototherapy mask during pupillary dilation had lower rates of stressful episodes following screening for retinopathy of prematurity, particularly lower episodes of bradycardia.

scholarly journals Retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary facility: an initial report of a screening programme

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
B.A. Olusanya ◽  
T.S. Oluleye ◽  
O.O. Tongo ◽  
M.O. Ugalahi ◽  
Y.O. Babalola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth ◽  
Age At Birth ◽  
Rop Screening

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening in Nigeria is at a nascent stage and at the moment there are no National guidelines for ROP screening in Nigeria. Thus it is desirable for screening programs to report findings amongst screened preterm infants in order to facilitate the  development of national ROP screening criteria and guidelines. The aim of this report is to describe the frequency, severity and risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among preterm and very low-birth-weight babies screened within the first year of initiating an ROP screening  program at a Nigerian tertiary facility. Methods: A cross-sectional study of infants born at less than 34 weeks gestational age; or with birth weight less than 1500g between May 2016 and May 2017. ROP screening examinations were performed by ophthalmologists with the use of an indirect ophthalmoscope, after pupillary dilation, in collaboration with the neonatology team. Information on gestational age at birth, birth weight, oxygen therapy and presence of other risk factors were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 74 infants were screened during the period. There were 36 (48.6%) males. Mean gestational age at birth was 29.6 (±2.35) weeks.  Mean birth weight was 1.26 (±0.27) kg with a range of 800 to 1950g. ROP was detected in 9 (12.2%) infants. Two (22.2%) of these had Threshold ROP. There was no significant difference between the mean birth weight and mean gestational age of the infants who had ROP compared to those  without ROP. The two infants with Threshold ROP were treated with intravitreal Bevazicumab and had regression of ROP. Conclusion: Retinopathy of prematurity was diagnosed in at risk infants in this facility. There is, therefore, a need to establish ROP screening  programs in all neonatal units across the country. In addition, established programs need to evaluate their screening criteria with a view towards  developing country-specific screening guidelines. Keywords: Retinopathy; Prematurity; Preterm; Neonates; Nigeria; Africa

scholarly journals Improving Community Health Workers’ Attitudes toward Collaborative Practice in the Care of Older Adults: An In-Service Training Intervention Trial in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 9986
Author(s):  
Kathryn Lizbeth L. Siongco ◽  
Keiko Nakamura ◽  
Kaoruko Seino ◽  
TJ Robinson T. Moncatar ◽  
Lourdes Marie S. Tejero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Collaborative Practice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an in-service, short-term training program in improving the attitudes toward, and readiness and activities for collaboration among community health workers (CHWs) in a primary care setting in the Philippines. A randomized controlled trial was adopted dividing participants into an intervention (n = 42) and a control group (n = 39). Attitudes toward, and readiness and activities for collaboration were measured using three standardized scales before and at 6 months after the training. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed in the Attitudes Toward Health Care Teams Scale (ATHCTS) scores between pre- and post-test in the intervention (6.3 ± 8.3 [Mean ± SD]) and control groups (0.7 ± 8.2). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed an independent positive association between the intervention and greater improvement in the ATHCTS score (Coefficient β = 6.17; 95% CI = 0.82, 11.53; p = 0.03) at follow-up, after adjustment for age, years in current occupation, and social support role of participants. The results demonstrated the efficacy of the intervention for improving the attitudes of CHWs toward collaborative practice in the care of older adults.

scholarly journals Packed Cell Transfusion and Feeding Tolerance in Healthy Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Tria

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoo Fallahi ◽  
Mohammad Kazemian ◽  
Saeed Hojat Kashani ◽  
Saleheh Tajalli ◽  
Naeeme Taslimi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Packed Cell Transfusion ◽  
Feeding Tolerance

Background: Recently, the correlation between necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and packed cell transfusion (PCT) has been identified. Evidence shows that 25 - 35% of NEC cases are associated with PCT. Objectives: this study aimed to determine the association between PCT and feeding tolerance in healthy preterm newborns. Methods: Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was performed on preterm infants, admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Mofid Children's Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from April 2017 to May 2018. A total of 70 healthy premature infants (birth weight < 1500 g and gestational age < 32 weeks) with enteral feeding, who required PCT, were included in this study. The eligible infants were divided into two groups by simple randomization. In the intervention group (n = 35), breastfeeding was withheld only during PCT and then continued as usual. On the other hand, in the control group (n = 35), feeding was performed as usual, regardless of PCT. Feeding tolerance within the first 72 hours post-transfusion was compared between the two groups. Sick newborns were excluded from the study. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20. Results: The mean gestational age, birth weight, and postnatal age of the neonates were 30.13 weeks, 1245.71 g, and 17 days in the intervention group and 29.97 weeks, 1169.43 g, and 15.46 days in the control group, respectively; there was no significant difference between the two groups. Except for pre-transfusion hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, other characteristics of the two groups were similar. Feeding tolerance was reported in 32 (91.2%), 33 (94.73%), and 34 (97.1%) newborns at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-transfusion in both groups, without any significant difference. There was no significant difference between neonates with and without feeding tolerance in either of the groups. Conclusions: According to the present results, withholding feeding during PCT is not necessary in healthy preterm neonates with a good general condition, and continued breastfeeding seems to be a safe option.

scholarly journals The Cytokines, Exhaled Nitric Oxide are Risk Factors in Preterm Infants for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenjie Zhang ◽  
Wuchen Wu ◽  
Lian Hou ◽  
Jingjing Jiang ◽  
Yunwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Tnf Α

Abstract Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains the most frequently complication of extreme preterm infants. Multiple clinical factors and inflammatory markers have all been associated with BPD. Therefore, this study targeted to detect cytokines and fractional exhaled nitric oxide(FeNO) to evaluate their mechanism and possible predicted significance for BPD. Methods Preterm infants born at gestational age ≤ 32 weeks were recruited between January 2018 and October 2019. The clinical data of infant characteristics and maternal characteristics were collected. Our study detected a total of ten cytokines include IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α on day 1–3, day 7–14, and day 21–28 after birth via Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) technology. FeNO levels were measured when the infants met discharge criteria. Results A total of 46 preterm infants were enrolled in this study, including 14 infants in BPD group and 32 infants in control group. The gestational age 【(27.5 ± 1.3) vs. (29.9 ± 1.3) weeks】and birth weight【(1021 ± 261)g vs. (1489 ± 357)g】of BPD group were lower than those of control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age < 30 weeks, birth weight < 1000 g, PDA, longer mechanical ventilation and invasive ventilation duration were high risk factors for BPD. The cytokines of IL-6, IL-8 on day 7–14 and IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α on day 21–28 were also the high risk factors for BPD. Other risk factors for BPD included elevated Eosnophils on day 21–28 and FeNO. Conclusion The preterm infants with PDA, prolonged mechanical ventilation tended to develop BPD. The FeNO, Eosnophils, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α were high risk factors for BPD. Our study speculate that NO was related to BPD though Th2-cell-mediatedinflammatory responses such as IL-4. The cytokines may provide a certain predictive value for the occurrence of BPD.

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