scholarly journals Heterogeneous base-catalyzed methanolysis of vegetable oils: State of art

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Miladinovic ◽  
Ivana Lukic ◽  
Olivera Stamenkovic ◽  
Vlada Veljkovic ◽  
Dejan Skala
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Preparation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Heterogeneous Base ◽  
Near Future ◽  
State Of Art

Today, homogeneous base-catalyzed methanolysis is most frequently used method for industrial biodiesel production. High requirements for the quality of feedstocks and the problems related to a huge amount of wastewaters have led to the development of novel biodiesel production technologies. Among them, the most important is heterogeneous base-catalyzed methanolysis, which has been intensively investigated in the last decade in order to develop new catalytic systems, to optimize the reaction conditions and to recycle catalysts. These studies are a base for developing continuous biodiesel production on industrial scale in near future. The present work summarizes up-to-date studies on biodiesel production by heterogeneous base-catalyzed methanolysis. The main goals were to point out the application of different base compounds as catalysts, the methods of catalyst preparation, impregnation on carriers and recycling as well as the possibilities to improve existing base-catalyzed biodiesel production processes and to develop novel ones.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Production Technologies: Current State and Future Developments

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos M. Kalamaras ◽  
Angelos M. Efstathiou
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Current State ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Near Future

Hydrogen (H2) is currently used mainly in the chemical industry for the production of ammonia and methanol. Nevertheless, in the near future, hydrogen is expected to become a significant fuel that will largely contribute to the quality of atmospheric air. Hydrogen as a chemical element (H) is the most widespread one on the earth and as molecular dihydrogen (H2) can be obtained from a number of sources both renewable and nonrenewable by various processes. Hydrogen global production has so far been dominated by fossil fuels, with the most significant contemporary technologies being the steam reforming of hydrocarbons (e.g., natural gas). Pure hydrogen is also produced by electrolysis of water, an energy demanding process. This work reviews the current technologies used for hydrogen (H2) production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources, including reforming (steam, partial oxidation, autothermal, plasma, and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis. In addition, other methods for generating hydrogen (e.g., electrolysis of water) and purification methods, such as desulfurization and water-gas shift reactions are discussed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the reaction conditions in the transesterification of canola oil for biodiesel production

Engevista ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Sílvio Miguel Parmegiani Marcucci ◽  
Carina Akemi Araki ◽  
Renata Teresinha Kiffer ◽  
Murilo Pereira Moisés ◽  
Pedro Augusto Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Canola Oil ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Acid Esters

The development of renewable fuels has received great attention in recent years. Fatty acid esters, known as biodiesel, are promising for partially or total diesel replacement. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the reaction conditions of transesterification of refined canola oil and a quality of biodiesel produced. The influence of the different alkaline catalysts, the catalyst amount, stirring speed, molar ratio of oil:alcohol and the alcohol type were assessed. The ester yield in the best reaction conditions were 96.1 ± 1.26% for ethanol and 95.32 ± 2.68% for methanol. The biodiesel produced was analyzed according to the ANP (Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natual e Biodiesel) quality norms. The esters showed good quality in relation to the cold filter plugging point, oxidation stability and the cetane number.

scholarly journals Recent Progress on Heteropolyacids for Green Fuels Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-281
Author(s):  
Qiuyun Zhang ◽  
Xiaofang Liu ◽  
Taoli Deng ◽  
Yutao Zhang ◽  
Peihua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Renewable Feedstocks ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Green Fuels ◽  
Green Fuel ◽  
Unique Chemical

: Decreasing fossil fuel reserves and growing concerns are driving the utilization of renewable feedstocks as green fuel sources. Heteropolyacids (HPAs) are one of the most promising catalytic materials in green biodiesel production. Their unique chemical and physical properties are outstanding and could allow the preparation of composite materials. In this review, esterification /transesterification for biodiesel synthesis using various types of HPAs base catalysts including pristine HPAs, substituted HPAs, supported HPAs and encapsulated HPAs has been described. In addition, esterification/transesterification reaction conditions such as reaction time and temperature, alcohol content and catalyst dosage affect the catalytic activity of the HPAs base catalysts, which are also discussed in detail. Finally, the present drawbacks and future challenges on HPAs based catalytic systems for the production of biodiesel are also addressed in the concluding remarks.

The chemistry of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5- ones as a privileged scaffold in synthesis of heterocycles

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen A.-M. Gomaa ◽  
Huda A. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Building Block ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Azacrown Ethers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Privileged Scaffold ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Near Future

Background : The reactivity of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one DCNP 1 and its derivatives makes it valuable as a building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds like pyrazolo-imidazoles, - thiazoles, spiropyridines, spiropyrroles, spiropyrans and others. As a number of publications have reported on the reactivity of DCNP and its derivatives, we compiled some features of this interesting molecule. Objective: This article aims to review the preparation of DCNP, its reactivity and application in heterocyclic and dyes synthesis. Conclusion: In this review we have provided an overview of recent progress in the chemistry of DCNP and its significance in synthesis of various classes of heterocyclic compounds and dyes. The unique reactivity of DCNP offers unprecedentedly mild reaction conditions for the generation of versatile cynomethylene dyes from a wide range of precursors including amines, α-aminocarboxylic acids, their esters, phenols, malononitriles and azacrown ethers. We anticipate that more innovative transformations involving DCNP will continue to emerge in the near future.

A Review of Recent Patents (2016-2019) on Plant Food Supplements with Potential Application in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalba Leuci ◽  
Leonardo Brunetti ◽  
Antonio Laghezza ◽  
Paolo Tortorella ◽  
Fulvio Loiodice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
Patent Review ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Lifestyle Related Diseases ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Prevention And Therapy

In the near future, it is expected that the prevalence of illnesses related to the increasing life expectancies and quality of life, such as neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases related to metabolic disorders, will soar to unprecedented levels, leading to high socioeconomic costs. To address this rising threat, natural products are emerging as a novel strategy for the prevention and therapy of these ages- and lifestyle-related diseases, thanks to their high marketability and few side effects. In this patent review, we summarize selected patents for food supplements, functional and fortified foods, filed from 2016 to 2019, categorizing them based on the biological activity of their components.

Current biodiesel production technologies: A comparative review

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 138-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Abbaszaadeh ◽  
Barat Ghobadian ◽  
Mohammad Reza Omidkhah ◽  
Gholamhassan Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Production Technologies

scholarly journals Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Fayaz Hussain ◽  
Saad Alshahrani ◽  
Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas ◽  
Haris Mahmood Khan ◽  
Asif Jamil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Catalyst Preparation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Disposal Cost

Slaughterhouse waste is considered to be an emerging issue because of its disposal cost. As an alternative, it would be a great prospect for the bioeconomy society to explore new usages of these leftover materials. As per food safety rules mentioned by EU legislation, all bone waste generated by slaughterhouses ought to be disposed of by rendering. The huge quantity of worldwide bone waste generation (130 billion kilograms per annum) is an environmental burden if not properly managed. The waste animal bones can be efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel. This mini review summarized the recent literature reported for biodiesel generation using waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. It discusses the sources of bone waste, catalyst preparation methods, particularly calcination and its effects, and important characteristics of bones derived catalyst. It suggests that catalysts extracted from waste animal bones have suitable catalytic activity in transesterification of different oil sources to generate a good quality biodiesel.

scholarly journals Advances in Enzyme and Ionic Liquid Immobilization for Enhanced in MOFs for Biodiesel Production

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3512
Author(s):  
Reem Shomal ◽  
Babatunde Ogubadejo ◽  
Toyin Shittu ◽  
Eyas Mahmoud ◽  
Wei Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Ligands ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Stability ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Highly Porous Materials ◽  
High Tunability ◽  
Catalytic Sites ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Highly Porous

Biodiesel is a promising candidate for sustainable and renewable energy and extensive research is being conducted worldwide to optimize its production process. The employed catalyst is an important parameter in biodiesel production. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are a set of highly porous materials comprising coordinated bonds between metals and organic ligands, have recently been proposed as catalysts. MOFs exhibit high tunability, possess high crystallinity and surface area, and their order can vary from the atomic to the microscale level. However, their catalytic sites are confined inside their porous structure, limiting their accessibility for biodiesel production. Modification of MOF structure by immobilizing enzymes or ionic liquids (ILs) could be a solution to this challenge and can lead to better performance and provide catalytic systems with higher activities. This review compiles the recent advances in catalytic transesterification for biodiesel production using enzymes or ILs. The available literature clearly indicates that MOFs are the most suitable immobilization supports, leading to higher biodiesel production without affecting the catalytic activity while increasing the catalyst stability and reusability in several cycles.

Ever-Single Heterosexual Couples in Nonmarital Cohabitation: Spirituality, Connectedness, and Adjustment

2021 ◽  
pp. 106648072110239
Author(s):  
Samta P. Pandya
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Christian Couples ◽  
Work Intervention ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Near Future

This article reports a study on the effectiveness of WhatsApp-based spiritual posts in promoting connectedness and adjustment among ever-single heterosexual couples in nonmarital cohabitation in four global cities. In comparison with trivia posts, the spiritual posts had greater impact and were more effective for Christian couples, middle class, highly qualified, and professionals-salaried cohabitants. This was in comparison with Hindu–Buddhist–Sikh dyads, upper class, with college degree, and entrepreneurs. However, cohabitation duration, initial cohabitation experience with other partners, having children/cohabitation dependents, and near future marriage plans were not significant predictors. Gender also did not significantly moderate spiritual intervention responses as proposed in the previous research. Couple intervention outcomes were mutually interdependent and intervention compliance in terms of number of posts read and do-it-yourself exercises posted were robust predictors of intervention success. With some subgroup-specific refinements, WhatsApp-based spiritual posts would be an effective spiritually sensitive social work intervention for improving relationship quality of nonmarital cohabitants.

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