scholarly journals Comparative study of wood betony (Stachys officinalis L) melliferousness in different habitat conditions

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 475-484
Author(s):  
Marina Macukanovic-Jocic
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Forest Conditions

Nectar production in wood betony (Stachys officinalis L), grown under differ-microclimatic habitat conditions (forest and experimental field), was analyzed. Study of tar production included determining of the total daily nectar amount (in 24 hours) per flower, the diurnal dynamics of nectar secretion (nectar amount secreted per flower at two hour intervals during the day), and nectar sugar concentration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of microclimatic parameters humidity, air temperature and evaporation) on the secretion process and nectar sugar concentration. Comparative analyses of nectar secretion in Stachys officinalis, grown in two environmentally different habitats, confirmed that this process varied as a function of micro-climatic habitat conditions, and did not reveal a close relationship between these conditions and sugar concentration in nectar. A diurnal model of nectar secretion with two secretion peaks was found. A higher amount of nectar per flower, with an increasing tendency during the first half of the day, and a decreasing tendency during the afternoon was measured in forest conditions (lower temperature, higher relative air humidity and lower evaporation).

scholarly journals Influence of microclimatic conditions on nectar exudation in Glechoma hirsuta  W. K

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Macukanovic-Jocic ◽  
Lola Djurdjevic
Keyword(s):  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Test Plot ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Atmospheric Humidity ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions

The nectar production of Glechoma hirsuta W. K. grown under different microclimatic habitat conditions was evaluated by determining the total daily nectar quantity per flower, diurnal dynamics of nectar secretion, the nectar secretion rate, and sugar concentration. Comparative analyses of nectar production in Glechoma hirsuta grown in a forest and on a test plot confirmed that this process varied as a function of microclimatic parameters (atmospheric humidity and air temperature), but did not reveal a close relationship between these parameters and sugar concentration in nectar. More intensive nectar secretion, with a decreasing tendency during the day, and higher total daily nectar volume per plant (1.603 ml/flower) were measured in the forest habitat. Diurnal variation in nectar production with two secretion peaks was found at both localities, and the secretion patterns were rather similar. Regarding the nectar secretion rate, G. hirsuta is a slow producer secreting less than 0.07 ml/h.

Nectar secretion strategy in three Japanese species: changes in nectar volume and sugar concentration dependent on flower age and flowering order

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Kato ◽  
Satoki Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Japanese Species ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Flower Age ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
The Mean

We explored how changes in nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration depend on flower age and flowering order in Gentiana triflora Pallas var. japonica (Kusnez.) Hara, Lobelia sessilifolia Lamb., and Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. et Mey. var. esculenta (Koidz.) Ohwi. In G. triflora var. japonica and H. middendorffii var. esculenta, change in nectar volume was small, whereas larger changes in nectar sugar concentration occurred depending on flower age. In L. sessilifolia, both the mean nectar volume and nectar sugar concentration clearly decreased with flower age. In all species, the mean nectar volume of the early-flowering group per plant was high. In terms of the change in sex allocation, the investment in male and female organs of the early-flowering group was high in G. triflora var. japonica and L. sessilifolia. We suggest that plants of G. triflora var. japonica and H. middendorffii var. esculenta secrete floral nectar for up to several days to sustain nectar volume to keep attracting pollinators while simultaneously reducing resource usage. Greater nectar secretion in the early-flowering group, in which flowers have more pollen and ovules, may contribute to greater reproductive success and may be effective for pollinators in learning the location of the plants and flowers. In addition, learning by pollinators should result in increased reproductive success of the later blooming flowers.

scholarly journals Nectary structure and nectar secretion of Echium russicum J. F. Gmel. flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study, the micromorphology of nectaries in <i>Echium russicum</i> J. F. Gmel. flowers was determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their anatomy by using light microscopy (LM). The rate of nectar production of flowers and sugar concentration in nectar were investigated. The nectary gland is located below the ovary of the pistil. It is composed of 4 parts corresponding to the parts of the ovary. The widest regions of the nectar-producing tissue are situated by the furrows separating the adjacent parts of the ovary. Nectar is secreted through anomocytic stomata, located only in the lower part of the nectary. The stomata were distributed evenly or they formed clusters of 2-3. The average number of stomata on the surface of the whole nectary was 184. At the nectar secretion stage, open and closed, as well as not fully mature stomata were observed. The orientation of most of the stomata was parallel to the nectary base. The cuticle surface of the cells of the upper and lateral part of the nectary was smooth, whereas in the region producing stomata it showed various folds facilitating the retention of nectar. The flowers produced nectar throughout the flowering period. The weight of nectar secreted throughout the lifetime of ten flowers was, on the average, 20 mg, with the concentration of sugars of 58% and their weight reaching 17 mg.

scholarly journals Biology of flowering and nectar production in the flowers of the beauty bush (Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Marta Dmitruk
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
The Mean

Nectar production and the morphology of the nectary and pollen grains of <em>Kolwitzia amabilis </em>Graebn. were studied during the period 2008–2009 and in 2011. The blooming of beauty bush flowers started in the third decade of May and ended in the middle of June; flowering lasted 22–23 days. The flower life span was 4–5 days. Nectar production began at the bud break stage. The tube of the corolla in beauty bush flowers forms a spur inside which the nectary is located. The secretory surface of the nectary consists of two layers of glandular epidermal outgrowths: unicellular trichomes, with their length ranging 54.6 μm – 70.2 μm, and papillae with a length of 13.0 μm – 20.6 μm. The mean weight of nectar per 10 flowers, determined for the three years of the study, was 8.6 mg, with a sugar concentration of 50.8%. The weight of nectar sugar was on average 4.4 mg. In terms of the size, beauty bush pollen grains are classified as medium-sized. These are tricolporate grains.

scholarly journals Canopy Position, Defoliation, and Girdling Influence Apple Nectar Production

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Richard D. Fell ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Nectar Sugar

Flowering spurs located at interior and exterior canopy positions of `Stay-man' and `Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were girdled and/or defoliated to determine the influence on nectar production and composition. Nectar volume was less at exterior than interior canopy positions for `Delicious', but not for `Stayman'. Girdling suppressed nectar production by 92% and reduced the sugar concentration of the remaining nectar. Defoliation of nongirdled spurs had no effect on nectar sugar concentration, but defoliation of girdled spurs reduced nectar sugar concentration by 24%. Relative percentages of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and the sucrose: hexose ratio were unaffected by any treatment. Nectar production of nongirdled spurs did not depend on the presence of spur leaves.

scholarly journals Nectar Production and Spectrum of Insect Visitors in Six Varieties of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in SE Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Bożek
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Insect Visitors

Abstract The attractiveness of plants to pollinators depends strongly on flower rewards, especially nectar and pollen. Nectar mass, sugar concentration, and sugar mass are known to influence the spectrum and abundance of insect visitors. Respective data on nectar secretion in highbush blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum ) under the climatic conditions of Poland are scarce. This study was conducted in 2002–2005 to assess flower abundance, nectar production, and insect visitors in six varieties of V. corymbosum in Niemce, SE Poland. Flower abundance ranged from 1.63 ± 0.64 (‘Darrow’) to 4.07 ± 0.95 in thousands of flowers per shrub (‘Northland’). Nectar mass, sugar concentration, and nectar sugar mass increased with flower age, peaking between the sixth and ninth day. Significant differences in nectar characteristics occurred between years and between varieties. ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Darrow’ produced the largest nectar mass (19.08 ± 7.09 and 16.60 ± 8.31 mg nectar per flower, respectively) and nectar sugar mass per flower (6.39 ± 1.52 and 5.76 ± 1.51 mg sugar per flower, respectively). The estimated sugar yield in the studied V. corymbosum varieties ranged from 9.4 ± 3.3 to 20.7 ± 3.8 g sugar per shrub (‘Croatan’ and ‘Bluecrop,’ respectively). Regarding insect visitors, only honey bees and bumble bees were observed. Honey bees comprised 81%–98% of the total number of observed insect visitors. Highbush blueberry, due to abundant blooming and high per-flower sugar yield, is thus a good source of nectar sugars for honey bees.

scholarly journals Nectar secretion and pollen production in Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Sky Jacket’ (Asparagaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Bożek
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Floral Reward ◽  
Se Poland ◽  
Hyacinthus Orientalis ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Flower Position

Flowering, nectar secretion, and pollen production in <em>Hyacinthus orientalis</em> ‘Sky Jacket’ (Asparagaceae) were studied between 2013 and 2015 in Lublin, SE Poland (51°16' N, 22°30' E). The flowering was weather-dependent. It started at the beginning of April or at the end of the month and lasted 14–24 days. The mass of nectar, sugar concentration in the nectar, nectar sugar mass, anther size, and pollen mass in flowers all depended on the flower position in the inflorescence and differed significantly between the years of study. The greatest mass of sugars and pollen was recorded in low-positioned flowers. On average, <em>H. orientalis</em> ‘Sky Jacket’ produced 1.63 mg of sugars and 3.51 mg of pollen per flower. The floral reward was attractive for <em>Apis mellifera</em> and <em>Bombus</em> spp., which indicate that the species should be propagated not only for its decorative value but also for supporting pollinators in early spring.

scholarly journals Effect of environmental conditions and genotype on nectar secretion in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

OCL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Stan Chabert ◽  
Christopher Sénéchal ◽  
André Fougeroux ◽  
Jérémy Pousse ◽  
Fabien Richard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Water Tension

The sunflower crop provides an important honey flow for beekeepers. In France, beekeepers observed a decrease in honey yield from this crop these past years compared to the 1980s–1990s. They suspect the new cultivars to be less productive in nectar compared to the older ones, but no data is available to support this, and it is known that climate conditions have a strong impact on nectar secretion. This study aimed to explore the effect of abiotic environmental conditions on nectar secretion in sunflower, as well the range of variation of this secretion in a sample of current cultivars. Thirty-four current sunflower hybrid cultivars were sampled in test plots for their nectar secretion under varying conditions of temperature, air humidity and soil moisture. Air humidity controlled the sugar concentration of nectar, and thus its volume. To study nectar secretion independently from this effect, analyses subsequently focused on nectar sugar mass per floret. The nectar sugar mass increased with temperature up to an optimum of 32 °C, while the variation range of soil water tension was not sufficient to detect an effect on nectar sugar mass. This varied by up to 100% among the 34 cultivars (from 101 to 216 μg sugar per staminate floret in average), with a similar range to those reported in the literature for older cultivars. Likewise, oleic cultivars, a new type introduced since the early 2000s, were found to secrete the same amounts of nectar as linoleic cultivars, an older conventional type. The more self-fertile cultivars also showed no reduction in nectar secretion. Finally, we tested the method that measures the nectar gross secretion rate in one hybrid, and we observed that this hybrid secreted in average 28 μg sugar per hour per staminate floret. The potential benefits of this method were discussed.

scholarly journals Flowering, nectar production and insects visits in two cultivars of Cucurbita maxima Duch. flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Dmitruk
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Insect Visitation ◽  
Nectar Sugar ◽  
Winter Squash ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Female Flowers

The study was conducted on experimental plots in the conditions of Lublin. In the years 1998-2000 flowering, nectar secretion and insect visitation of male and female flowers of two winter squash (<i>Cucurbita maxima</i> Duch.) cultivars: 'Ambar' and 'Amazonka', were studied. The plants flowered from July to October. The flower life span was within the range of 7-10 hours. Female flowers of cv. Ambar were marked by the most abundant nectar secretion (129 mg). The nectar sugar content can be estimated as average (25%-35%). Winter squash nectar contained 84% of sucrose as well as 8-9% of fructose and 7%-8% of glucose. Flowers of the studied taxa were frequently foraged by the honey bee (66%-98% of total insects) and bumblebees (1%-30%).

Nectar secretion pattern and removal effects in three species of Solanaceae

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1394-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Galetto ◽  
Luis Bernardello
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Production ◽  
Nectar Secretion ◽  
Nicotiana Glauca ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flower Age ◽  
Nicotiana Longiflora ◽  
Nectar Sugar

Nectar secretion pattern and effects of nectar removal were compared in three Argentinean Solanaceae: Nicotiana glauca, which is hummingbird pollinated, and Nicotiana longiflora and Petunia axillaris, which are sphinx moth pollinated. Nectar volume, concentration, and sugar production were measured at different time intervals according to the species' flower life span. Nectar volume and total sugar production increased as a function of flower age in both species of Nicotiana analyzed; however, these parameters were quite stable in P. axillaris. This species produced less nectar and nectar sugar than the other two. When all sets with nectar removal were compared with the controls, significant differences were found in nectar volume and quantity of nectar sugar in N. longiflora, and in sugar concentration in P. axillaris. In the latter, the observed difference did not affect the total amount of sugar secreted. Nicotiana glauca did not show any significant difference in the parameters analyzed. Total nectar production was inhibited by periodic removal in N. longiflora, while in N. glauca and P. axillaris it was unaffected. Key words: nectar secretion pattern, nectar removal, Nicotiana, Petunia, Solanaceae.

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