Ecology and Social Structure among the North Eastern Ibo

Africa ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThis paper is concerned with the North Eastern Ibo and specifically with its four principal tribes, the Ezza, Ikwo, Izi, and Ngbo. I hope to show by a comparison of the structure of these four tribes with that of more typical Ibo tribes that distinctive features of their social structure are the result of a modification of this typical structure in response to the conditions of a new environment.

Ibo Land Tenure

Africa ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Culture Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Marginal Group ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThe Ibo-speaking people of Eastern Nigeria can be regarded as a single culture area which may provisionally be subdivided into five main divisions: Northern or Onitsha, Southern or Owerri, Western or Ika, Eastern or Cross River, and North-eastern or Abakaliki. The first two divisions, whose boundaries correspond very roughly to those of the Administrative Provinces of Onitsha and Owerri, contain the bulk of the population; the Western occupies the Niger riverain region and the forest country beyond, and their culture has been influenced by that of the Edospeaking tribes farther west, and by Benin; the Cross River Ibo are another marginal group whose affinities with the ‘Semi-Bantu’-speaking tribes on the eastern bank of that river have yet to be studied; while the North-eastern Ibo are a specialized group that has developed, in comparative isolation, a culture and a social structure better adapted to the savannah country in which they live. The remarks which follow refer mainly to the Northern, Southern, and Cross River Ibo; the North-eastern Ibo system differs in many important respects; the Western has not been studied. The terms used in defining Ibo social groupings have been explained in Africa, vol. xix, No. 2, p. 151, and in places where this may cause confusion the ‘official’ or alternative term is given in brackets.

The Social Structure of Modern Bamako

Africa ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Meillassoux
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
North Bank ◽  
Niger River ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Town

Opening ParagraphAccording to a partial census taken in 1960, Bamako city has about 130,000 inhabitants. Small by Western standards, it is still by far the largest city in Mali. At the time of the French conquest Bamako had only between 800 and 1,000 inhabitants; it was the capital of a Bambara chiefdom, grouping about thirty villages on the north bank of the Niger river, with a total of about 5,000 people. The ruling dynasty was that of the Niaré, who, according to their traditions, came from the Kingi eleven generations ago (between 1640 and 1700). For defence against the neighbours and armed slave-raiders fortifications were built around the town and a permanent army of so-fa (horsemen) was raised. Soon after its foundation Bamako attracted Moslem Moors from Twat who settled as marabouts and merchants under the protection of the Niaré's warriors. Among them, the Twati (later to be called Touré) and the Dravé became, alongside and sometimes in competition with the Niaré, the leading families.

Changes in the Marriage System of the Okrika Ijo

Africa ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Family Organization ◽  
Eastern Group ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Eastern Edge

Opening ParagraphIn this paper I shall present some data on the marriage and family organization of an Eastern Ijo town, and shall try to analyse changes in this organization against the background of broader social changes affecting the area.Okrika is the chief town of the Okrika section of the Ijo-speaking people of Nigeria. The Okrika dialect, with Kalahari and Bonny, falls into the North-Eastern group of dialects which are partially interintelligible with Brass-Nembe but not with the Central-Western dialects. The Ijo occupy the greater part of the Niger Delta. The Okrika section consists of eight towns and dependent villages on the extreme eastern edge of the Delta, where the saltwater creeks and mangrove swamps give place to the extensive dry ground of the mainland. Administratively, Okrika forms part of the Degema Province of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. With three other communities of the section, Okrika itself is sited on an island about half a mile long and a quarter broad.

scholarly journals Early Neolithic pottery of Western Belarus: current state of research and its perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Aleh Yurjevich Tkachou
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The North ◽  
Current State ◽  
Local Variant ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Neolithic Pottery

The paper discusses the Early Neolithic pottery from the Western Belarus, pottery of Dubičiai type. The set of its most distinctive features includes organic temper in clay mass, a belt of deep round pits under a rim edge, strokes by round stick (hoofs), slantwise thin grooved lines or slantwise net ornament of such lines. Hypotheses on the origin of Dubičiai type pottery are under discussion as well. According to many scholars, the area of occurrence of Dubičiai type pottery includes Belarusian part of the River Neman region (except the River Viliya basin), the left-bank of the upper Prypiat River basin, the southern Lithuania, the part of the north-eastern Poland, and the northern part of Volhynia. At the same time D.Ya. Telegin, E.N. Titova, G.V. Okhrimenko distinguish the Volhynian culture in the region of the same name. It has many traits analogous to the Prypiat-Neman culture. The scale of differences between the Early Neolithic pottery from Western Polesia and Volhynia and Dubičiai type pottery from the River Neman region allows considering the Volhynian culture as not a separate culture but as a local variant of the Neman culture. Sokołwek type pottery has been discovered at the sites in Podlasie and in Belarusian part of the River Bug region. It is analogous to Dubičiai type pottery by morphology and ornamentation but has less of organic temper in clay mass. Most probably, it is a result of local development of the Early Neolithic traditions in the western part of Prypiat-Neman culture area.

The Place of the North-Eastern Transvaal Sotho in the South Bantu Complex

Africa ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Jensen Krige
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Game Reserve ◽  
Olifants River ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThe Sotho of the North-Eastern Transvaal Lowveld occupy an area with fairly well-marked geographical boundaries. To the east, the Game Reserve, low-lying, unhealthy, very sparsely populated even in the old days, remains an effective barrier to contact with and further migrations from the Shangana-Tonga of Portuguese East Africa. South are the Olifants River and the towering Drakensberg range curving north-west then northwards to merge into the well-marked escarpment on the west dividing Lowveld from Highveld. On the north the Klein Letaba river roughly demarcates our area from the Venda and the Shangana-Tonga of the Knobnose Location. The Sotho-speaking Venda of Tswale and Moila, who fall well within this area, resemble in culture their Sotho-ized neighbours more than their own Venda kin to the north; but the Shangana- Tonga, who occupy most of the lower-lying eastern and north-eastern portion of the area and comprise at least one-third of its total population, are unassimilated strangers of different stock coming from the north-east and east. They have been entering since about 1840, usually in small bands, at first seeking the protection of and subjecting themselves to the Sotho owners of the land. On the arrival of the white man, some of their headmen were granted independent locations which have served as nuclei for the building up of more united tribal groups. (See accompanying map.)

The Ohu System of Slavery in a Northern Ibo Village-group

Africa ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. G. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Average Density ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
District Officer ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Village

Opening ParagraphThe village-group of Nike occupies an area of some 200 square miles to the immediate north-east of Enugu, capital of the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria. It comprises 24 villages with a total population of 9,600, a figure which gives the average density of the group as 48 per square mile—one of the lowest in Ibo country.Traditions in neighbouring groups, as well as in Nike itself, affirm that before the advent of the British Administration the people of Nike were the principal slave-traders in northern Ibo-land. The first mention of the group in the history of colonial Nigeria appears in an account submitted by the Assistant District Officer, Obubra, of some exploratory journeys undertaken amongst the northern Ibo in the year 1905. Remarking, with the true empire-builder's sang-froid, that ‘the whole area seems relatively quiet and well-disposed…cannibalism and human sacrifice are more or less general’, the officer encloses an interesting sketch-map of the north-eastern section of Ibo-land which shows the Nike group to have been the main trading cross-roads of the whole of this area.

Comparative study of the Genus Isurus (Rafinesque, 1810), and description of a form (Marrajo Criollo) apparently endemic to the Azores

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Moreno ◽  
JQ Moron
Keyword(s):  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Shortfin Mako ◽  
Eastern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Western Morocco ◽  
First Time ◽  
North Western

Numerous captures of mako sharks (Isurus sp.) are made annually by the Spanish longline fishing fleet in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and the western Mediterranean Sea. Sampling of catches allowed us to compare the morphology of two species of Isurus (I. Oxyrinchus and I. Paucus) and to document the variations due to size or sex observed in populations exploited by the different fisheries. The distinctive features of a form apparently endemic to the Azores ('marrajo criollo') are defined, and the form's taxonomic identity is discussed. This form is possibly a distinct population of shortfin mako (I. Oxyrinchus). The presence of longfin mako (I. Paucus) is confirmed in waters off north-western Morocco, and this species is recorded for the first time off the Iberian peninsula.

scholarly journals ETHNOCULTURAL CONTACTS OF THE NORTHEAST CAUCASUS POPULATION WITH STEPPE TRIBES AT THE END OF THE EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Gamzat D Ataev ◽  
Tufan I Ahundov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
General Scientific

The article examines little-studied aspects of contacts between the population of the Northeast Caucasus and the steppe tribes in the end of the early and middle Bronze Age. The study is based on the material of archaeological researches, conducted in this area over the past 50 years. The work uses general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction), as well as comparative historical and typological methods of an archaeological research. The materials of archaeological excavations from the monuments of the considered time of various physical and geographical regions of Daghestan and Chechnya are analyzed and compared, as well as the opinions of a number of researchers. This allows a new approach to the disclosure of many aspects related to the study of the issue. As a result of studying the materials of archaeological monuments during the reviewed period, it can be stated that at the turn of the ages of the Early and Middle Bronze, the material and spiritual culture of the population of the North-Eastern Caucasus was undergoing cardinal shifts and changes. Inside the early bronze culture of Daghestan there were processes associated with the maturation of many elements of subsequent cultures of the Middle Bronze Age. New cultures of this age have features of continuity from the previous culture, but already possesses vivid and distinctive features of other cultural traditions. At the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, Northern and Middle Daghestan were intensively influenced by steppe crops, which then changed its culture, while Southern Daghestan transformed culture somewhat later. As a result of the research, it became possible to study the complex nature and dynamics of cultural-historical relations between local, autochthonous and steppe population, to determine the role of steppe tribes in the formation of the culture of the Middle Bronze Age of the Northeast Caucasus.

Discussion on “The grinding wheel and production” at the North-Eastern Section of the Institution

1942 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Bowen ◽  
Vickery ◽  
Buchanan ◽  
Swallow ◽  
Perks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern

The influence of submesoscale eddies on hydrochemical parameters and structural and functional characteristics of phytoplankton in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-40
Author(s):  
Sergey B. Kuklev ◽  
Vladimir A. Silkin ◽  
Valeriy K. Chasovnikov ◽  
Andrey G. Zatsepin ◽  
Larisa A. Pautova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anticyclonic Eddy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Hydrochemical Parameters ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Seasonal Thermocline ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
The City ◽  
North Eastern Part

On June 7, 2018, a sub-mesoscale anticyclonic eddy induced by the wind (north-east) was registered on the shelf in the area of the city of Gelendzhik. With the help of field multidisciplinary expedition ship surveys, it was shown that this eddy exists in the layer above the seasonal thermocline. At the periphery of the eddy weak variability of hydrochemical parameters and quantitative indicators of phytoplankton were recorded. The result of the formation of such eddy structure was a shift in the structure of phytoplankton – the annual observed coccolithophores bloom was not registered.

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