Mobility and Political Orientation

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Blee
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Log Linear

Public attention recently has been drawn to the existence of a “gender gap” in public opinion and electoral politics in the United States. Yet the reasons for this sex difference in politics are unclear. Do men and women have differences of political orientation that are independent of social class differences or do sex differences in politics reflect different class experiences for men and women? This research uses national survey data to compare the political effects of social mobility for three groups of respondents: Males, women employed for wages outside the home, and housewives. I predict that women who are mobile by virtue of their own occupational status will have political orientations close to those of their class-of-destination, while women who are mobile by virtue of a spouse's occupation will retain political orientations similar to those of their class-of-origin. Further, I predict that the difference between the relationship of social mobility and political orientation for employed men and women will decline as women's overall labor force participation increases. In a log-linear analysis of presidential candidate selection from 1948 to 1980, I find that marital and occupational mobility do have different effects on women's political orientation, but the direction of political change across mobility statuses was not consistent. There is no convergence over time in the pattern whereby mobility status is related to political choice for men and women.

Women and Entrepreneurship – Albanian Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Anna Xheka
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women’S Entrepreneurship ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Women's Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Difference

Women’s entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women’s economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant comparative aspect, it is the difference between full and part –time women entrepreneurship. While in full time entrepreneurship in a convince way, men are those that dominate, in part time entrepreneurship clearly it’s evident the opposite trend, women's representation is much higher. It’s very interesting the fact, that the women’s entrepreneurship in Albania, presented in a significant optimistic situation, ranking in the second place, after Greece in the European level

scholarly journals Do Women Get Fewer Votes? No.

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semra Sevi ◽  
Vincent Arel-Bundock ◽  
André Blais
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference

AbstractWe study data on the gender of more than 21,000 unique candidates in all Canadian federal elections since 1921, when the first women ran for seats in Parliament. This large data set allows us to compute precise estimates of the difference in the electoral fortunes of men and women candidates. When accounting for party effects and time trends, we find that the difference between the vote shares of men and women is substantively negligible (±0.5 percentage point). This gender gap was larger in the 1920s (±2.5 percentage points), but it is now statistically indistinguishable from zero. Our results have important normative implications: political parties should recruit and promote more women candidates because they remain underrepresented in Canadian politics and because they do not suffer from a substantial electoral penalty.

scholarly journals Willing to share? Tax compliance and gender in Europe and America

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 205316801770715 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D’Attoma ◽  
Clara Volintiru ◽  
Sven Steinmo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Deceptive Behavior ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

Studies examining the effects of gender on honesty, deceptive behavior, pro-sociality, and risk aversion, often find significant differences between men and women. The present study contributes to the debate by exploiting one of the largest tax compliance experiments to date in a highly controlled environment conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Italy. Our expectation was that the differences between men’s and women’s behavior would correlate broadly with the degree of gender equality in each country. Where social, political and cultural gender equality is greater we expected behavioral differences between men and women to be smaller. In contrast, our evidence reveals that women are significantly more compliant than men in all countries. Furthermore, these patterns are quite consistent across countries in our study. In other words, the difference between men’s and women’s behavior is not significantly different in more gender neutral countries than in more traditional societies.

scholarly journals A Man’s world? Comparing the structural positions of men and women in an organized criminal network

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-569
Author(s):  
Tomáš Diviák ◽  
James A. Coutinho ◽  
Alex D. Stivala
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Canadian Law ◽  
Social Network Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Structural Positions

Abstract The crime gender gap is the difference between the levels of participation of men and women in crime, with men responsible for more crime than women. Recent evidence suggests that the crime gender gap is closing, both in crime in general and in organized crime. However, organized crime differs from other forms of criminal activity in that it entails an organizational structure of cooperation among offenders. Assessing whether the gender gap in organized crime is narrowing is not only about the overall levels of involvement of women, but about their roles and positions within the organized criminal structure, because the involvement of women does not mean that they are in influential positions, or that they have power or access to resources important for the commission of organized crime. This paper uses a social network approach to systematically compare the structural positions of men and women in an organized criminal network. We use a dataset collected by Canadian Law Enforcement consisting of 1390 individuals known or suspected to be involved in organized crime, 185 of whom are women. Our analysis provides evidence for an ongoing gender gap in organized crime, with women occupying structural positions that are generally associated with a lack of power. Overall, women are less present in the network, tend to collaborate with other women rather than with men, and are more often in the disadvantageous position of being connected by male intermediaries. Implications for theory and law enforcement practice are discussed.

scholarly journals An Examination of the Expected Timing of Transitions into Adulthood among Rural Men and Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. Agger ◽  
Soo-yong Byun ◽  
Judith L. Meece
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Educational Aspirations ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Transition Times ◽  
Community Variables

The timing of transitions into adulthood has critical implications for early adulthood development, yet few research studies on this topic exist, particularly involving rural youth. We utilized a nationwide sample of geographically diverse rural youth from 34 rural locations in the United States to investigate adolescents’ expected transitions into adulthood. The vast majority of rural men and women planned to get married and become parents, however, women expected earlier transition times into adulthood. Results also indicated a number of individual, family, and community variables related to the expectation of marriage and parenthood and the expected timing of marriage and parenthood. Notably, we found that whereas women were generally more likely than men to plan to get married and become a parent, this observed gender gap decreased as educational aspirations increased.

scholarly journals The ‘gender gap’ in authorship in nursing literature

2011 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Shields ◽  
Jenny Hall ◽  
Abdulla A Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Nursing Workforce ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Nursing Literature ◽  
Over Time

Objectives Gender bias has been found in medical literature, with more men than women as first or senior authors of papers, despite about half of doctors being women. Nursing is about 90% female, so we aimed to determine if similar biases exist in nursing literature. Design Taking the eight non-specialist nursing journals with the highest impact factors for that profession, we counted the numbers of men and women first authors over 30 years. Setting We used nursing journals from around the world which attract the highest impact factors for nursing publication. Participants Eight journals qualified for entry, three from the United Kingdom, four from the United States of America, and one from Australia. Main outcome measures Using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests, we determined differences between the numbers of men and women across all the journals, between countries (USA, UK and Australia), changes over the 30 years, and changes within journals over time. Results Despite the small proportion of men in the nursing workforce, up to 30% of first authors were men. UK journals were more likely to have male authors than USA journals, and this increased over time. USA journals had proportions of male first authors consistent with the male proportion of its nursing workforce. Conclusions In the UK (though not in the USA) gender bias in nursing publishing exists, even though the nursing workforce is strongly feminized. This warrants further research, but is likely to be due to the same reasons for the gender gap in medical publishing; that is, female nurses take time out to have families, and social and family responsibilities prevent them taking opportunities for career progression, whereas men's careers often are not affected in such ways.

The Sources of the Gender Gap in Political Participation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher F. Karpowitz ◽  
Tali Mendelberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workforce Participation ◽  
American Women ◽  
Advanced Economies

This chapter talks about how American women, like their counterparts in other advanced economies, have narrowed or even reversed the gap in important resources that form the prerequisites of political participation. Women have become reliable voters and civic activists; in other words, they are the foot soldiers of democracy. However, women have not turned their growing progress along the pathways to political participation into commensurate political influence. The chapter also shows how the United States has experienced a shrinking gender gap in workforce participation, occupational status, and income. When it comes to the single most important antecedent of participation, namely, education, American women have even achieved a higher level than men.

scholarly journals Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Niederle ◽  
Lise Vesterlund
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Math Test ◽  
Math Test Scores ◽  
Competitive Test ◽  
The Right

The mean and standard deviation in performance on math test scores are only slightly larger for males than for females. Despite minor differences in mean performance, many more boys than girls perform at the right tail of the distribution. This gender gap has been documented for a series of math tests including the AP calculus test, the mathematics SAT, and the quantitative portion of the Graduate Record Exam (GRE). The objective of this paper is not to discuss whether the mathematical skills of males and females differ, be it a result of nurture or nature. Rather we argue that the reported test scores do not necessarily match the gender differences in math skills. We will present results that suggest that the evidence of a large gender gap in mathematics performance at high percentiles in part may be explained by the differential manner in which men and women respond to competitive test-taking environments. The effects in mixed-sex settings range from women failing to perform well in competitions, to women shying away from environments in which they have to compete. We find that the response to competition differs for men and women, and in the examined environment, gender difference in competitive performance does not reflect the difference in noncompetitive performance. We argue that the competitive pressures associated with test taking may result in performances that do not reflect those of less-competitive settings. Of particular concern is that the distortion is likely to vary by gender and that it may cause gender differences in performance to be particularly large in mathematics and for the right tail of the performance distribution. Thus the gender gap in math test scores may exaggerate the math advantage of males over females.

Occupational Status and Mobility among Undocumented Immigrants by Gender

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary G. Powers ◽  
William Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Undocumented Immigrants ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Region Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

This article addresses two issues concerning about the integration and mobility of undocumented immigrants in the United States: 1) whether undocumented men and women improve their earnings and occupational status over time and 2) the extent of variation in occupational status and mobility by gender and region. Data from the 1989 Legalized Population Survey indicate that both undocumented men and women, on average, improved their earnings and occupational status between their first jobs in the United States and their jobs just prior to application for legalization under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The earnings, occupational status, and occupational mobility of men were greater than for women, however.

scholarly journals The Land of Opportunity? Trends in Social Mobility and Education in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forian Hertel ◽  
Fabian T. Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Mobility ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Long Term Trends

This contribution provides insights into the long-term trends of intergenerational mobility of men and women born in the United States. We study both absolute and relative social mobility and analyze in some detail the relation between education and intergenerational mobility. By doing so, we provide some insights into possible drivers of relative mobility trends in the United States.

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