County and Township Government in 1937

1938 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
General Public ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
The City ◽  
Township Government ◽  
Legislative Approval

Problems of county and township government continued, during 1937, to attract considerable attention from state legislators, political scientists, and the general public. The legislative sessions of the year were productive of a large number of statutes relating to various aspects of local government and administration; and in several instances local units acted under powers previously granted in adopting governmental forms or procedures more suitable to their needs. Notwithstanding a few backward steps and the fact that progress continued to be slow, the general trend was in the direction of improvement. Clearly in evidence was a tendency to confer additional powers and duties upon the local units; and accompanying this increase in functions were efforts to supply additional revenue, modernize the machinery of government, and provide effective means of control.The developments of the year will be summarized, as were those for the biennium 1935–36, under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional charters; and (6) intergovernmental relations. To facilitate comparison, the subdivisional arrangement of the article of last year, in so far as it is applicable, will also be followed.Territorial Consolidation. The need for reducing the number of local government units through consolidation was given most attention in Pennsylvania. Existing laws governing the formation of new townships were amended to preclude the division of existing townships and to expedite consolidation. Other legislation was intended to facilitate the annexation of first-class townships or parts thereof to contiguous cities or boroughs. First legislative approval was given to a proposed constitutional amendment providing that no new counties shall be created except through the consolidation of existing counties. A proposed amendment for the consolidation of Philadelphia county with the city of Philadelphia was given second legislative passage, only to be rejected by the voters in the November election.

County and Township Government in 1943

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1113
Author(s):  
Clyde P. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Public Library ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Legislative Authority ◽  
Predatory Animal ◽  
Township Government

The future of local government in the United States is likely to depend in no inconsiderable degree upon the extent to which the local units make a vital contribution toward winning the present war and solving the problems arising therefrom. It is therefore of special significance that many of the developments occurring in county and township government during 1943 were related directly or indirectly to the war and postwar problems. At the same time, progress continued along various lines which had become well established prior to the war. Public interest in rural local government was evidenced both by the large amount of state legislation enacted with reference thereto and by local action taken under legislative authority. Developments during the year will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional forms of government; (6) intergovernmental relations; and (7) research and experimentation.New Areas. State legislatures continued to enact statutes establishing or authorizing the establishment of local ad hoc authorities for various purposes. Wyoming established each organized county of the state as a predatory animal district, under the control of a district board, for the purpose of paying bounties for the killing of animals that prey upon domestic livestock, poultry, and wild game. General laws authorized the organization of weed-control districts in South Dakota, public library districts in Illinois, cemetery districts in Montana, and county water authorities in California. Georgia's constitution was amended to empower the governing authorities of Bibb county to establish and administer, within the county and outside the city of Macon, special districts for sanitation purposes, garbage removal and disposal, fire prevention, police protection, drainage, road building and improvement, and any other public services and facilities customarily afforded by municipalities of the state.

County and Township Government in 1942

1943 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Popular Interest ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Township Government

During the first war year, it was to be expected that popular interest in rural local government would be subordinated, in large measure, to problems more directly connected with the national war effort. Nevertheless, vigorous prosecution of the war program has required coöperation on the part of government at all levels; and the impact of that program has been felt in various ways, both directly and indirectly, by local governmental units. Indeed, in surveying county and township government in 1942 one is inevitably impressed by the extent to which developments of the year were either the product of, or at least intensified by, wartime conditions. As in previous reviews, events will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) home rule and optional charters; and (6) intergovernmental relations.

County and Township Government in 1945

1947 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-47
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider ◽  
Neil P. Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
The Public ◽  
Postwar Reconstruction ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Township Government

Problems of rural local government received considerable attention during 1945 from state legislators, constitution-makers, and the public in general. There were numerous statutory enactments relating to counties and townships, and a new constitution adopted in Georgia contained significant provisions concerning local government. Regular legislative sessions in the states convened, and indeed in a majority of the states adjourned, prior to V-E Day, and in only a few instances did they extend beyond the cessation of hostilities in the Pacific. Essentially, therefore, the 1945 legislative meetings constituted another series of wartime sessions, devoting much of their attention to problems related to winning the war and those of postwar reconstruction. This fact was clearly reflected in the year's enactments concerning local government, as in other fields of legislation.

County and Township Government in 1935–36

1937 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 884-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural Government ◽  
Dark Continent ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Township Government ◽  
Made In

Quite generally recognized is the fact that rural local government in the United States has failed to keep pace with the improvements in governmental organization and procedure which have been made in the national, state, and municipal fields. In 1917, the county was referred to as the “dark continent” of American politics—an appellation which might have been applied with equal propriety to the rural subdivisions of counties known as towns or townships. Today, after two decades, it must be admitted that rural government still lags in its rate of progress; yet it is not the unexplored jungle of twenty years ago. In several states, comprehensive surveys have been made with a view to reorganization, and during the past few years the depression has served to stimulate local-government consciousness where previously little interest was displayed in local affairs. In increasing numbers, attempts are being made, in some instances through constitutional amendment but more often by statutory enactment, to render our local areas, organization, and functions more adequate to present-day needs. Various extra-legal developments are taking place also. It is the purpose of this article to summarize the more significant developments in the field of county and township government during the years 1935 and 1936. While not all of these developments, when measured by principles of sound public administration, can be said to be in the direction of progress, a definite trend in that direction is clearly discernible.

County and Township Government in 1941

1942 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1127
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Public Mind ◽  
The Public ◽  
Township Government

With national defense problems paramount in the public mind, it is not surprising that developments in rural local government during 1941 revealed, more than in normal times, the imprint of national and world conditions. State legislatures, though their sessions preceded Pearl Harbor, devoted much attention to defense problems and assigned to local governmental units an important rôle in defense organization and activities. Various steps were taken to foster coöperation in the defense effort by government at all levels; and, in view of the necessity for large national expenditures for defense purposes, additional emphasis was placed upon the need for local economy. Concurrent with the various defense-related developments was a continuation of normal peace-time efforts to improve the organization and operation of rural local government. As in former years, the events of 1941 will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional charters and home rule; and (6) intergovernmental relations.

County and Township Government in 1940

1941 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1106-1119
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
International Stress ◽  
Popular Interest ◽  
Rural Institutions ◽  
Township Government ◽  
Marking Time

In times of national or international stress, public attention tends to become focused upon spectacular events transpiring in the nation's capital or chief cities, with little interest displayed in the more prosaic affairs of rural local government. As a consequence, normal progress in rural institutions and activities is likely to be retarded. During 1940, with but few state legislatures in session and popular interest diverted to other fields, little that was distinctly novel occurred in the field of American county and township government. The rural units seemed, in a sense, to be marking time while the national government, and, to a lesser degree, states and cities, concentrated upon various phases of the national defense program. Yet certain developments took place during the year which, if not extraordinary, were nevertheless significant. As in former years, events will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional charters; and (6) intergovernmental relations.

County and Township Government in 1939

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Government Organization ◽  
Local Political Institutions ◽  
Township Government

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the problems of local government in rural areas. Increasing demands upon the taxpayer for the support of government and its services have emphasized the need for modernization of our local political institutions. Although advances in this direction are inevitably slow, each year brings some progressive steps, the cumulative effect of which, over a number of years, should be considerable. In 1939, with most state legislatures in session, numerous statutes were enacted which had as their purpose the readjustment of governmental areas or functions, the improvement of local-government organization or finance, or the promotion of coöperation among various governmental units. At the same time, there were instances in which local units themselves sought, under existing authority, to undertake the performance of new services or to provide their inhabitants with governmental forms or procedures better suited to present-day needs. As in previous years, the developments of 1939 will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional charters; and (6) intergovernmental relations.

Analysis of geodetic and legal documentation in the process of expropriation for roads. Krakow case study

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Anna Trembecka
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The City

Abstract Amendment to the Act on special rules of preparation and implementation of investment in public roads resulted in an accelerated mode of acquisition of land for the development of roads. The decision to authorize the execution of road investment issued on its basis has several effects, i.e. determines the location of a road, approves surveying division, approves construction design and also results in acquisition of a real property by virtue of law by the State Treasury or local government unit, among others. The conducted study revealed that over 3 years, in this mode, the city of Krakow has acquired 31 hectares of land intended for the implementation of road investments. Compensation is determined in separate proceedings based on an appraisal study estimating property value, often at a distant time after the loss of land by the owner. One reason for the lengthy compensation proceedings is challenging the proposed amount of compensation, unregulated legal status of the property as well as imprecise legislation. It is important to properly develop geodetic and legal documentation which accompanies the application for issuance of the decision and is also used in compensation proceedings.

Enterprise Development Programming in Partnership with Local Government, Science and Business. The Example of Rybnik

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kiljańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Development Programming ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
The City

The article concerns the mechanisms of entrepreneurship development in partnership with local government, science and business. The author presents evidence that the sector partnership is crucial for the success of projects developing entrepreneurship in the local and regional perspective. Local government has the resources and capabilities to act as initiators of projects and programs supporting the economic development of the city or voivodeship. At the same time, representatives of local government units must use appropriate operational and management methods in the implementation of the policy of strengthening entrepreneurship. Inter-sectoral collaboration requires the application of organisational solutions allowing for the involvement of units in different fields and basing on various legislation. The author also indicates that the source of the competitive advantage of cities and regions may be the specialisation, as well as the commercialisation of knowledge and technology. In this case, the inter-sectoral partnership is crucial as it conditions the success of economic development programs in its social, economic and political sense. At the same time, the article describes the methods of building the inter-sectoral cooperation. As a basis for the appropriate use of the different potential of the cooperating participants, the authors indicated projects and programs embracing groups of projects. All this is worth being recognised within the framework of strategic documents, such as development plans, strategies, and other records used by local government agencies. The article uses the outcome of the participatory workshops during the preparation of the Rybnik Enterprise Development Program. The aim of the study is the verification of the assumption that the sectoral partnership is crucial to the processes of local and regional entrepreneurship development.

Jurnal Gaya Selingkung

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
alvira permata
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Scientific Journals

ABSTRACKScientific journals are an effective means of publishing scientific articles for the general public. In order for scientific journals to be accepted by national and international circles, the insight aspirations and confinement styles must refer to national and international standards. Articles designed to be published in scientific journals, in addition to being written in a scientific manner, must also follow the guidelines required by the intended scientific journal. In order for the article to be sent according to criteria and accepted by the journal, at least it must fulfill three elements, namely the suitability of the field of science, the standard grammar, and the special style (cellulite style) required by an article journal to be sent.

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