County and Township Government in 1935–36

1937 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 884-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural Government ◽  
Dark Continent ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Township Government ◽  
Made In

Quite generally recognized is the fact that rural local government in the United States has failed to keep pace with the improvements in governmental organization and procedure which have been made in the national, state, and municipal fields. In 1917, the county was referred to as the “dark continent” of American politics—an appellation which might have been applied with equal propriety to the rural subdivisions of counties known as towns or townships. Today, after two decades, it must be admitted that rural government still lags in its rate of progress; yet it is not the unexplored jungle of twenty years ago. In several states, comprehensive surveys have been made with a view to reorganization, and during the past few years the depression has served to stimulate local-government consciousness where previously little interest was displayed in local affairs. In increasing numbers, attempts are being made, in some instances through constitutional amendment but more often by statutory enactment, to render our local areas, organization, and functions more adequate to present-day needs. Various extra-legal developments are taking place also. It is the purpose of this article to summarize the more significant developments in the field of county and township government during the years 1935 and 1936. While not all of these developments, when measured by principles of sound public administration, can be said to be in the direction of progress, a definite trend in that direction is clearly discernible.

County and Township Government in 1943

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1089-1113
Author(s):  
Clyde P. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Public Library ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Legislative Authority ◽  
Predatory Animal ◽  
Township Government

The future of local government in the United States is likely to depend in no inconsiderable degree upon the extent to which the local units make a vital contribution toward winning the present war and solving the problems arising therefrom. It is therefore of special significance that many of the developments occurring in county and township government during 1943 were related directly or indirectly to the war and postwar problems. At the same time, progress continued along various lines which had become well established prior to the war. Public interest in rural local government was evidenced both by the large amount of state legislation enacted with reference thereto and by local action taken under legislative authority. Developments during the year will be summarized under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional forms of government; (6) intergovernmental relations; and (7) research and experimentation.New Areas. State legislatures continued to enact statutes establishing or authorizing the establishment of local ad hoc authorities for various purposes. Wyoming established each organized county of the state as a predatory animal district, under the control of a district board, for the purpose of paying bounties for the killing of animals that prey upon domestic livestock, poultry, and wild game. General laws authorized the organization of weed-control districts in South Dakota, public library districts in Illinois, cemetery districts in Montana, and county water authorities in California. Georgia's constitution was amended to empower the governing authorities of Bibb county to establish and administer, within the county and outside the city of Macon, special districts for sanitation purposes, garbage removal and disposal, fire prevention, police protection, drainage, road building and improvement, and any other public services and facilities customarily afforded by municipalities of the state.

County and Township Government in 1937

1938 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
General Public ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
The City ◽  
Township Government ◽  
Legislative Approval

Problems of county and township government continued, during 1937, to attract considerable attention from state legislators, political scientists, and the general public. The legislative sessions of the year were productive of a large number of statutes relating to various aspects of local government and administration; and in several instances local units acted under powers previously granted in adopting governmental forms or procedures more suitable to their needs. Notwithstanding a few backward steps and the fact that progress continued to be slow, the general trend was in the direction of improvement. Clearly in evidence was a tendency to confer additional powers and duties upon the local units; and accompanying this increase in functions were efforts to supply additional revenue, modernize the machinery of government, and provide effective means of control.The developments of the year will be summarized, as were those for the biennium 1935–36, under the following headings: (1) areas; (2) organization and personnel; (3) functions; (4) finance; (5) optional charters; and (6) intergovernmental relations. To facilitate comparison, the subdivisional arrangement of the article of last year, in so far as it is applicable, will also be followed.Territorial Consolidation. The need for reducing the number of local government units through consolidation was given most attention in Pennsylvania. Existing laws governing the formation of new townships were amended to preclude the division of existing townships and to expedite consolidation. Other legislation was intended to facilitate the annexation of first-class townships or parts thereof to contiguous cities or boroughs. First legislative approval was given to a proposed constitutional amendment providing that no new counties shall be created except through the consolidation of existing counties. A proposed amendment for the consolidation of Philadelphia county with the city of Philadelphia was given second legislative passage, only to be rejected by the voters in the November election.

scholarly journals The gathering momentum for animal rights

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David FAVRE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
The Past ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Professors ◽  
Made In

The focus of this article is to track the progress that has been made on behalf of<br />animals within the legal institutions of the United States. While there is an obvious focus on<br />the adoption of new laws, there are many steps or changes that are necessary within broader<br />legal intuitions if substantial progress is to be made in the changing and enforcing of the<br />laws. For example, at the same time that legislatures must be convinced of the need for<br />change, so must the judges believe in the new laws, otherwise enforcement of the law will be<br />not forthcoming.<br />Besides the court and the legislature, legal institutions include law schools, legal publications,<br />and the various associations of lawyers and law professors. What is the visibility and<br />credibility of animal issues within these institutions? Without progress within all aspects of<br />the legal community, success on behalf of animals is not possible. We in the United States<br />have made progress, particularly in the past ten years, but we have much yet that needs to be<br />done. By charting the progress and lack of progress in the United States, the readers in<br />Brazil and other countries will have some landmarks by which to judge the progress of the<br />issue of animal rights/welfare within their own country.

Cellular Rubbers

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-956
Author(s):  
Louis P. Gould
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

Abstract This paper has presented a report on the progress which has been made in the cellular rubber field during the past several years; now a few words about the future. It is said that Russia has seventeen kinds of Buna-S. At present the United States has only one kind, namely, GR-S. Of course, this country does have several types of Buna-N and several types of Neoprene. Possibly the day will come when there will be available one or more types of both solid and liquid synthetic rubbers made specifically for the manufacture of cellular rubber products. In the past, many production difficulties in this field have been due to variation in the plasticity and in the rate of cure of different lots of natural rubbers, and to variation in the stability and rate of cure of different shipments of natural rubber latices. These difficulties may well be overcome in the synthetic rubbers of tomorrow.

Analyzing the Effects of Local Government Fiscal Activity I: Sampling Model and Basic Econometrics

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Walter R. Mebane
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Urban Politics ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Government Expenditures ◽  
Economic Well Being

At the intersection of urban politics, fiscal federalism, and political economy in the United States, probably the most important theoretical development in political science in the past 15 years has been the argument put forth by Paul Peterson in City Limits (1981). Informed by Tiebout (1956), Musgrave (1959), and Lowi (1964), Peterson uses the incidence of local government taxes and spending to develop an interest-driven theory of federalism and local politics. Peterson proposes a typology of local government expenditures, based on the degree to which the expenditures tend to be directed toward above-average or below-average taxpayers. Peterson assumes that expenditures of the former kind are beneficial for local economic well-being, while expenditures of the latter sort are, in general, harmful. These two kinds of expenditures he refers to as, respectively, “developmental” and “redistributive.” Expenditures of neutral incidence, and according to Peterson also of neutral economic consequence, are referred to as “allocational” (1981, 34-46).

Child Welfare Legislation in Denmark: Trends in Child Welfare over the Past Decade

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Kay L. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Parental Consent ◽  
Local Council ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Law ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis paper deals with the Danish Child Welfare Law, which was passed in 1974 as part of an integrated welfare law aiming at decentralization of decision making in local government, and maximum citizen participation.The law provides for counselling, recommendations and injunctions in connection with counselling, appointment of personal guidance officers, and taking children into care. The greater part of decision making is made in co-operation with parents. The few cases of removal of a child from the home without parental consent are conducted under the auspices of the local council welfare committee, presided over by a judge. Parents are given access and must be heard. Parents have wide rights of appeal.

County and Township Government in 1946

1947 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1130-1141
Author(s):  
Clyde F. Snider ◽  
Neil F. Garvey
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
School Consolidation ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Welfare Services ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Township Government

The first postwar year found rural local government facing problems of readjustment. As the rural units had felt the impact of war less forcefully than the states and cities, so their reconstruction problems were less acute; but they were none the less genuine and significant. To mention but a few, these included the construction of deferred public-works projects, the provision of housing and various forms of assistance for returned veterans, the modernization and expansion of public-welfare services, the securing of additional revenues adequate to finance an expanded program of local activities, and the reorganization of local areas and machinery with a view to fostering economy and efficiency in a period of mounting governmental costs. Though less than a dozen state legislatures held regular sessions, the year's enactments served both to initiate reconstruction programs begun a year earlier in many states and to indicate the nature of other measures likely to be more generally adopted in the future. Statutes of previous years formed the basis of various improvements in local government which were effected in 1946.The school-consolidation programs begun in the preceding year in Illinois and Kansas continued to make progress. At the beginning of October, 174 consolidations involving 897 districts had been effected in Illinois. In Kansas, some 2,000 districts have already been eliminated, and it has been estimated that the program in that state, as revised early in 1947, may ultimately reduce the number of districts, originally well over 8,000, to only 3,000.

scholarly journals Friendly Persuasion is Not Enough: The Limits of the Lansdale Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Ladwig
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Major Impediment

Providing aid and advice to local governments’ counterinsurgency campaigns, rather than directly intervening with American forces, has recently been identified as a more cost-effective way to counter irregular threats to U.S. interests. The challenge that such undertakings have repeatedly faced in the past is that partner governments often have their own interests and priorities which can diverge significantly from those of Washington. Consequently, a host of observers have pointed out that while the United States has provided its partners with extensive assistance to combat insurgents and terrorist groups, an inability to convince them to adopt its counterinsurgency prescriptions or address what Washington sees as the political and economic “root causes” of a conflict has repeatedly emerged as a major impediment to success. In the absence of sufficient influence to convince a local government to address these shortcomings, critics suggest that significant American aid and support can actually reduce its incentives to address domestic discontent or govern inclusively, which can render a supported regime less stable than it would have been without U.S. assistance

scholarly journals Irrigation Scheduling for Agriculture in the United States: The Progress Made and the Path Forward

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1603-1618
Author(s):  
Saleh Taghvaeian ◽  
Allan A. Andales ◽  
L. Niel Allen ◽  
Isaya Kisekka ◽  
Susan A. O’Shaughnessy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Crop Modeling ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Scheduling Strategies ◽  
Made In

HighlightsThe progress made in agricultural irrigation scheduling in the past ten years and the current challenges are discussed.The main scientific scheduling strategies are based on soil water status, plant characteristics, and crop modeling.Challenges include large time and data requirements and availability of decision support systems.Opportunities include integration of scheduling strategies and demonstrating their effectiveness through local studies.Abstract. Irrigation scheduling is the process of determining the appropriate amount and timing of water application to achieve desired crop yield and quality, maximize water conservation, and minimize possible negative effects on the environment, such as nutrient leaching below the crop root zone. Effective irrigation scheduling has been shown to save water, save energy, and help agricultural producers achieve improved yields and quality. However, scientific irrigation scheduling methods generally have remained limited to mostly research applications with relatively low adoption by irrigators. There are several main approaches to irrigation scheduling, including those based on soil water status, plant characteristics, and/or crop modeling. Each of these approaches has advantages as well as limitations and sources of uncertainty and variability, depending on application conditions. This article summarizes progress made in the U.S. in each of the main scheduling approaches in the past ten years (since the 2010 Decennial Irrigation Symposium) and existing challenges and opportunities that should be considered moving forward. This article is intended to guide future research and extension projects in improving adoption of scientific irrigation scheduling approaches. Keywords: Computer modeling, Plant characteristics, Soil water status.

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