Post-War Municipal Elections in Great Britain

1947 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-306
Author(s):  
William A. Robson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Repair Service ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
The Arts ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Post War

The interest and significance of the postwar municipal elections held in Britain can best be appreciated if they are seen against wartime conditions on the one hand and the reconstruction tasks which confront local authorities on the other.In England, as elsewhere, local government was designed to promote the arts of peace. But for six years during World War II it was asked to shoulder burdens of the most formidable kind directly connected with the war effort. The decision to make local authorities responsible, under the guidance of the Ministry of Home Security and its regional commissioners, for the complex of functions comprised under civil defense was a momentous one. Never before in Britain or any other country had local authorities been asked to undertake a task of such magnitude and importance as that of providing air-raid shelters, wardens and fire-guard posts in almost every street, gas decontamination centers, light and heavy rescue squads, evacuation schemes, emergency feeding and reception centers for those rendered homeless by enemy air attack, furniture stores, rest homes, a first-aid repair service for houses, and various other items of this kind.The Ministry of Food placed heavy duties on both local-government officers and councilors in connection with food control and rationing; and local authorities provided cheap restaurants and canteens on a large scale. The Ministry of Fuel and Power drew largely on the resources of municipal administration in appointing local fuel overseers and their staffs for regulating the distribution and consumption of solid and liquid fuel.

scholarly journals Intellectual Elite of Ukrainian Nation: on the Occasion of Centenary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
pp. 807-820
Author(s):  
Serhii Pyrozhkov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Ukrainian Academy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Short Time Span ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Post War ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The author analyses the history of the establishment of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Kyiv. He examines the legal procedures for the Academy’s establishment and emphasises that mutual understanding between the scientific community and authorities provides an opportunity to resolve a fundamental nation-wide problem within a short time span. It is also stressed that the crucial role in drafting the Law on the Establishment of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences belongs to M.P. Vasylenko and V.I. Vernadskyi, like-minded prominent scholars and men of science, towering figures who considered science as the blissful power. In addition, the article examines the main tasks pursued by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, namely providing a sound scientific underpinning for the development of Ukrainian society as well as increasing the role of sciences in civil life. The article substantiates that the comprehensive development of seminal works has always been and still remains the primary purpose of the Academy. All scholars who took part in its development disinterestedly worked upon the implementation of its concept and dedicated their lives to education. The author singles out five rather different periods in the operation of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences: the establishment, expansion of activities during the World War II, post-war rejuvenation, development, and golden age owing to scientific and technological advancement. The fifth period is modern and has lasted since 1991. In the end, the author emphasises that the establishment of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences was designed as a large-scale and socially significant project, whose implementation has eventually given rise to a powerful national intellectual centre with an ever increasing contribution to the development of the country, nation, and personalities. According to the fundamental principles and strategic goals of the Academy, its activity has been expanding for over a hundred years both in favourable and disadvantageous times, in conditions of social stability and continuous social changes. Keywords: Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, establishment, power, prominent scientists, important role.

Japan’s Miracle Decades

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Akizumi Tsutsumi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Dual Structure ◽  
Post War

Since the end of World War II, the Japanese economy has experienced two types of ‘dual structure’ issues among occupational groups. The period before the war until 1950 consisted of large-scale companies stemming from zaibatsu (financial cliques) and indigenous domestic industries. The health disparities across occupational groups, often observed in the West, increased between the pre-war period and the 1950s but declined in the subsequent high economic growth period. The decline in health disparities was aided by economic democratization policies, active labour union functions, and post-war economic growth. Near-total employment was achieved, at least among male workers, in the late 1960s to early 1970s. Later, recession in the wake of the bursting bubble economy after 1991, and the subsequent economy-first policy, brought another dual structure: regular employees versus lower-paid ‘precarious’ employees. The latter group includes many women. Stressful working conditions including long working hours among specific occupational groups may cause unique patterns of health disparity among Japanese workers.

Migration and mobility

2018 ◽  
pp. 145-176
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
World War ◽  
Post War

This chapter explores the changing and dynamic migrant reservoir in Europe, specifically looking at the labour market outcome of migrants with an emphasis on youth. Since the end of World War II, Europe has experienced large-scale migration both internally and from the outside of the EU. The descriptive analysis using aggregate country data suggests that even though migration from non-European countries is very substantial, the intra-European flows from Southern and Eastern Europe are non-negligible, with comparable emigration rates and differing trends and composition in the post-war period. The chapter then demonstrates that young migrants from both Eastern and Southern Europe are more likely to be overqualified than young native-born workers. To tackle issues of persisting native–migrant gaps in labour market performance, policies could be geared toward further integration and non-discriminatory treatment of foreign-born residents in the destination labour markets.

scholarly journals NKVD bodies of Khabarovsk Krai during the final stage of World War II and the first post-war period (June–December 1945)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-216
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Zhadan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Far East ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
World War ◽  
Khabarovsk Krai ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Post War

The article is devoted to the currently little-studied topic which is the influence of the political and socio-economic processes of the final stage of the World War II on the activities of the Khabarovsk Krai NKVD organs. The study was based on the archival documents related to the work of the NKVD organs of the Far East in the second half of 1945. The collections of documents stored in the departmental archive and information center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Khabarovsk Krai constituted the source base of the research. Most of the archival sources used by the author are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The techniques of historical criminological analysis were applied in the process of research. The author considered the peculiarities of the transition of law enforcement agencies of Khabarovsk Krai to work under martial law connected with the events of the Soviet-Japanese war; structural transformations of the first post-war period, including the formation of new territorial bodies in South Sakhalin; activities in combating crime and protecting public order. It is concluded that the geopolitical events in the region and the internal social processes of the period under study demanded that the NKVD of Khabarovsk Krai not only strengthen the traditional activities to combat crime and protect law and order but also organize work in a number of new areas. The study of archival documents showed that the internal affairs bodies paid considerable attention to the organization of civil defense and the protection of population from possible attacks by Japanese aircraft during that period. Assessing the effectiveness of the activities of the territorial bodies of the Khabarovsk Krai NKVD in the period between June and December of 1945, the author concludes that despite a number of difficulties which were largely caused by the problems connected with personnel and logistics, the internal affairs bodies managed to ensure public safety and law and order in the front-line region and to prevent criminal excesses (outbreaks of banditry, group escapes or prisoner riots, etc.) and sabotage at strategically important facilities.

‘An Instrument of Policy and Something Socially Desirable’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Fair
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Support ◽  
National Context ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter sets the post-war theatre-building boom in a national context by outlining the emergence of a system of public support for the arts. Though only ever one source of income for theatres (and one which was limited in its extent), the advent of subsidy had important consequences. The creation of the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1946 and the Local Government Act of 1948 transformed certain kinds of theatre from an essentially commercial activity into something that could be considered a public amenity, a cultural arm of the welfare state. The ways in which this development was justified are considered, looking particularly at the extent to which the arts were seen to be transformative. Particular attention is given to the effect of subsidy on regional repertory companies. It formed an important stabilizing factor for them, allowed higher standards, and prompted many to think about building.

scholarly journals Soviet Serial Apartment Buildings in Riga Historical Centre Streetscape. 1945–1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130
Author(s):  
Līva Garkāje
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Capital City ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Post War ◽  
Historical Centre ◽  
Modern Movement

AbstractToday’s European historical city centre streetscapes, many of which are designated cultural heritage sites, consist of a mix of urban and architectural housing heritage of different periods, including post World War II period buildings. Nevertheless, knowledge of history of historical centre post-war housing and their artistic and cultural-historical values of this recent past is still insufficient, to a certain degree contradictory, and in some cases even incorrect. This is particularly accurate regarding Modern Movement serial or type Soviet housing in former Soviet republics. This paper presents an ongoing research intended to identify valuable housing streetscape architecture and urban layout traits of post-war period in Latvia (1945–1990) in the environment of historic centre. The goal is to provide specialists in planning and heritage fields with appropriate evaluation criteria and correct know-how material on the theme, as well as general public with cultural historical information considering post-war housing heritage. In this study an example of post-war Modern Movement serial Soviet housing in the historical centre of Riga, the capital city of Latvia, and its protection zone is drawn. The research is based on mapping and auditing streetscapes using Maryland Inventory with this housing typology in historical built environment to identify most common characteristics and qualities of these buildings. The main conclusions are that historical street-scapes do not have significant qualitative differences from historical mixed with post-war housing streetscapes, whereas the quality of streetscapes with dominating post-war modern housing tends to differ from historical streetscapes, as well as has similar shortcomings to those of the large-scale housing block streetscapes.

Okamoto, Tarō (1911–1996)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neilton Clarke
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Pablo Picasso ◽  
Man Ray ◽  
World Expo ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Artistic Director ◽  
Venice Biennale

Tarō Okamoto [岡本太郎] (1911–1996) was one of Japan’s most visible artists during the post-World War II period. Born in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, his father was a cartoonist and his mother a writer. In 1929, having enrolled at the Tokyo Fine Arts School, Okamoto travelled to Europe and in 1930 began living in Paris. A member of the Abstraction-Création group between 1933–1937, Okamoto associated with the likes of Georges Bataille, André Breton, Pablo Picasso, and Man Ray before returning to Japan in 1940. Working in a broad range of media and courting abstraction, biomorphic surrealism, and an abstracted figuration, his political-allegorical paintings are seemingly emblematic of the post-war decades. Examples include the paintings Heavy Industry (1949), an apparent indictment of capitalism, and Law of the Jungle (1950). In 1954, he exhibited in the 27th Venice Biennale, also establishing the Institute of Esthetic Research. The 1960s saw him working in Mexico on a large-scale commission, the nuclear-themed mural Myth of Tomorrow (1970), which was subsequently returned and installed in Tokyo’s Shibuya Station in 2008. Okamoto’s sculptural output saw his Tower of the Sun artwork exhibited as part of World Expo ’70, Osaka, for which he was also artistic director. The Taro Okamoto Memorial Museum in Tokyo, which opened in 1988, occupies his former Aoyama home and studio site, while The Taro Okamoto Museum of Art, having opened in 1999 in Kawasaki, holds an extensive collection of his work.

The Smithsonian at war

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Samuel Redman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Active Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Book Series ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Total War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Museum Staff ◽  
Post War

Abstract This article describes the Smithsonian Institution’s involvement in World War ii. For a brief (but active) period the Smithsonian assisted the Army, Navy, and other war agencies. Museum staff eagerly shared ideas and information they had spent generations gathering; they were also willing to embrace the war effort as an opportunity to expand collections. While many museum contributions to the war effort were not made public, a book series on natural history and culture published by museum experts came to be known as the War Background Studies. Examining the Smithsonian’s response to ‘total war’, this article argues that the transformations experienced by the museum were largely temporary, with uneven levels of impact; it also explores how numerous significant intellectuals debated the museum’s future role in post-war society.

Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II

2008 ◽  
pp. 177-205
Author(s):  
Adam Kopciowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Anti Jewish

In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 1944-1946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. The wave of anti-Jewish that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete, list of 118 murdered Jews. Escalating anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war years was one of the main factors, albeit not the only one, to affect the demography (mass emigration) and the socio-political condition of the Jewish population in the Lublin region

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