Machiavelli's Intention: The Prince

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times

Many writers have attempted to describe the intention of The Prince by using the term “scientific.” This description is defensible, and even helpful, provided it is properly understood. The present article is meant to prepare such an understanding.I. The Prince combines the characteristics of a treatise and a tract for the times.Let us begin at the beginning. In the Epistle Dedicatory Machiavelli gives three indications of the subject-matter of the book: he has incorporated into it his knowledge of the actions of great men both modern and ancient; he dares to discuss princely government and to give rules for it; he possesses knowledge of the nature of princes. As appears from the Epistle Dedicatory, from the book itself, and from what the author says elsewhere, knowledge of the actions of great men, i.e., historical knowledge, supplies only materials for knowledge of what princely government is, of the characteristics of the various kinds of principalities, of the rules with which one has to comply in order to acquire and preserve princely power, and of the nature of princes.

On the Alleged Truth About Lies in Plato’s Republic

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Dombrowski
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of the present article is to explicate and criticize the most detailed philosophical appreciation of the ‘noble’ and other lies in Plato on a Straussian basis: Carl Page’s instructive 1991 article titled ‘The Truth about Lies in Plato’s Republic’. I carefully summarize and criticize Page’s sober, scholarly approach to the subject matter in question. Ultimately I reject his attempt to justify the ‘noble’ and other lies told by both Plato and contemporary government leaders.

scholarly journals Sobre o protagonismo laical do catolicismo popular: pistas para reflexão

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (311) ◽  
pp. 679
Author(s):  
José Reinaldo Felipe Martins Filho
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Great Amplitude ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Popular Catholicism ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Heaven And Earth

Este artigo tenta suscitar algumas pistas de reflexão sobre o protagonismo laical presente no catolicismo popular brasileiro, tendo como mote superar uma leitura meramente dicotômica e de oposição entre as esferas do oficial e do popular. Vale-se, para isso, de conceitos já consolidados pelas pesquisas em Teologia e Ciências da Religião, bem como de suas interfaces com a Antropologia, a Filosofia e a Sociologia. Entre as principais características do catolicismo popular que apontam para o protagonismo dos leigos estão a dimensão comunitária, a capacidade de ressignificação espaçotemporal e identitária e a ausência de intermediadores na relação entre céu e terra, como é o caso dos santos. Trata-se de um vasto e rico horizonte a ser explorado, cuja contribuição também alcança nossas atuais discussões sobre a identidade dos cristãos leigos. Abstract: The present article is an attempt to rise some reflecting clues on the lay protagonism presents in the Brazilian popular Catholicism, aiming at overcoming a merely dichotomous reading and opposition between official and popular spheres.  In this way, it is worth to recur to concepts already established by researches in Theology, Religion Science, as well as their interfaces with Antropology, Philosophy and Sociology. Among the main characteristics of popular Catholicism that point out in the direction of the lay Christian  are communitarian dimention, capacity of  identity espacio-temporal resignification and the absence of mediators such as saints, in the relationship between  Heaven and Earth. The subject matter, whose contribution meets our current discussions  about identity and lay Christians, is of great amplitude and still needs to be explored in depth.Keywords: Lay protagonism; Popular Catholicism; Identity.

scholarly journals Ironia i nihilizm. Figura bibliotekarza w Posłuchaniu u Lucypera Józefa Sękowskiego

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-94
Author(s):  
Jarosław Ławski
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The subject matter of the present article is the image of library and librarian in a forgotten short story by a Polish-Russian writer Józef Julian Sękowski (1800−1858). Sękowski is known in Polish literature as a multi-talented orientalist and polyglot, who changed his national identity in 1832 and began to write only in Russian. In the history of Russian literature he is famous for Library for Reading and Fantastic Voyages of Baron Brambeus, an ironic-grotesque work, which was precursory in Russian prose. Until 1832 Sękowski was, however, a Polish writer. His last significant work was An Audience with Lucypher published in a Polish magazine Bałamut Petersburski (Petersburgian Philanderer) in 1832 and immediately translated into Russian by Sękowski himself under the title Bolszoj wychod u Satany (1833). The library and librarian presented by the author in this piece are a caricature illustration proving his nihilistic worldview. Sękowski is a master of irony and grotesquery, yet the world he creates is deprived of freedom and justice and a book in this world is merely a threat to absolute power.

The Concept of Man as Presupposed by the Historical Studies

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 14-31
Author(s):  
P. L. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
General Context ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Thought

I should like to begin by removing a misconception to which the title of this lecture may possibly give rise. My concern is not with general propositions regarding certain fairly well-attested human characteristics of the kind to which historians may, from time to time, advert in the course of their work or to which they may appeal in support of the account provided of some particular event or occurrence. I am not myself an historian, and for me to make ex cathedra pronouncements on such topics as these might well seem to constitute an unjustifiable intrusion upon a field about which I am not qualified professionally to speak. My subject lies within the sphere of philosophy of history rather than of history proper; it belongs, in other words, to a branch of philosophical inquiry, and as such relates, not to empirical facts and events of the sort to which the practising historian addresses himself, but to those assumptions, categories and modes of procedure that are, or are believed to be, intrinsic to historical thought and discourse. In this general context I wish to discuss two approaches to the problem of elucidating the character of historical knowledge and explanation. Both of the approaches I have in mind have achieved a considerable measure of support at the present time; they have also been widely understood as offering profoundly divergent — indeed, diametrically opposed — views of what is central to the structure of historical thinking and to the type of activity upon which the historian is essentially engaged. It has on occasions been suggested that what — amongst other things — divides adherents to the views in question is the fact that they are committed to radically different conceptions of the subject-matter of the historical studies; that is to say, of human beings and their activities. In the light of this fundamental disagreement, it is argued, many of the more intractable controversies that have arisen concerning the concepts and interpretative schemes in terms of which it is possible or legitimate to treat the human past become readily intelligible. In what follows I want to examine this claim. First, however, let me give a brief, and necessarily somewhat crude, outline of the two positions I have referred to, starting with one that is often described as ‘positivist’.

scholarly journals Kwestia Rzezi Wołyńskiej w kontekście kryzysu ukraińskiego — między rosyjską propagandą, ukraińskim poszukiwaniem tożsamości narodowej a polską racją stanu

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Jakub Bornio
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Raison D’État ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis

Niniejszy artykuł traktuje o Rzezi Wołyńskiej analizowanej w kontekście kryzysu ukraińskiego. Badanie skupia się na interpretacji instrumentalnego wykorzystywania przez Rosję, Ukrainę i Polskę zagadnień związanych z eksterminacją polskiej ludności cywilnej przez ukraińskich nacjonalistów. Opracowanie podzielone zostało na trzy części. Pierwsza odnosi się do polityki propagandowej Federacji Rosyjskiej. Ta część pokazuje w jaki sposób Kreml używa kwestii związanych z Rzezią Wołyńską do tworzenia korzystnej dla siebie narracji. Druga część poświęcona jest próbom budowy ukraińskiej tożsamości narodowej na dziedzictwie ukraińskiego nacjonalizmu. Autor analizuje w niej także konkretne działania elit ukraińskich, związane z tematem artykułu. Trzeci fragment natomiast analizuje sprawę Rzezi Wołyńskiej w oparciu o polską raison d’État. W tej części autor przedstawia nie tylko polskie spojrzenie na Rzeź Wołyńską w kontekście kryzysu ukraińskiego, lecz także odnosi ją do geopolitycznego znaczenia Ukrainy dla Polski. Poszczególne wątki są ze sobą połączone i stanowią spójną całość.The issue of the Volhynian Slaughter in the context of Ukrainian crisis — between Russian propaganda, Ukrainian seeking for the national identity and Polish raison d’ÉtatThe present article is devoted to the Volhynian Slaughter in the context of Ukrainian crisis. Research focuses on interpretation of intentional using by Russia, Ukraine, Poland of issues related to the extermination of Polish civilians carried out by Ukrainian nationalists. The article is divided into three parts. The first part refers to the propaganda policy of the Russian Federation. In this part author presents how the Kremlin uses issues related to the Volhynian Slaughter to create narrative favorable for itself. The second part is devoted to the process of building of Ukrainian national identity on the legacy of Ukrainian nationalism. In this part the author analyses also specific activities of Ukrainian authorities, which are linked to the subject matter of the article. The third part includes analysis of the Volhynian Slaughter in the context of Ukrainian crisis through the prism of Polish raison d’État. This part depicts not only the Polish perception of the Volhynian Slaughter but also explains links between subject matter and the geopolitical significance of Ukraine for Poland. All three parts of research are interconnected and belong together.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Multimedia Menggunakan Macromedia Flash dalam Fiqih Islam Materi Pokok Sholat dan Zakat

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Said Nur Alim
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Design Validation ◽  
Product Usage ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Final Score ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times

The development of science and technology increasingly encourages reform efforts in the use of technological results in the learning process. Teachers are required to be able to use these tools in accordance with the developments and demands of the times. And it is a must for teachers to be able to master technology in order to achieve the expected learning objectives, the problems in this study are: (1) how to develop multimedia-based learning media using Macromedia Flash in Fiqh learning the subject matter of Prayer and Zakat? (2) how is the effectiveness of multimedia-based learning media using Macromedia Flash in Fiqh learning the subject matter of Prayer and Zakat? The development was carried out using the Research and Development (R&D) method with several stages, namely: analyzing potential and papers, gathering information, product design, design validation, design revision, product testing, product revision, product usage trials. The results of the design validation stages, product trials and usage trials are used to improve the developed products for maximum results. Based on the trials that have been carried out, the results are as follows: a) pre-test and post-test with an initial average of 54.57 and an increase after learning with a final score of 86.85, thus the post-test average of 32.28 can be categorized in good criteria. b) Based on the practical analysis conducted in the field, some teachers and students gave a positive response to the developed product. The effectiveness of learning using Macromedia Flash, The increase in the average value of pre-test and post-test that has been carried out by respondents from one lesson, there is an increase of 32,285714286 from 54,571428571 to 86.857142857, There is a positive response of students to the development of media using Macromedia flash i.e. 79% of students categorize very well, 13% of students categorize good and 8% of students categorize enough.

scholarly journals THE MILCH-COWS OF THE ANTS

1873 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 207-208
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
The Subject

The above title, which forms the subject-matter of the present article, is one that has claimed the attention of the most eminent naturalists of all time. Although much has been said and written upon the subject, still there is room for more. As science advances in its onward march new facts are developed ; some of these have a tendency to subvert long established principles, others to conErm pre-existent notions.

The Concept of Man as Presupposed by the Historical Studies

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 14-31
Author(s):  
P. L. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
General Context ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Historical Thought

I should like to begin by removing a misconception to which the title of this lecture may possibly give rise. My concern is not with general propositions regarding certain fairly well-attested human characteristics of the kind to which historians may, from time to time, advert in the course of their work or to which they may appeal in support of the account provided of some particular event or occurrence. I am not myself an historian, and for me to make ex cathedra pronouncements on such topics as these might well seem to constitute an unjustifiable intrusion upon a field about which I am not qualified professionally to speak. My subject lies within the sphere of philosophy of history rather than of history proper; it belongs, in other words, to a branch of philosophical inquiry, and as such relates, not to empirical facts and events of the sort to which the practising historian addresses himself, but to those assumptions, categories and modes of procedure that are, or are believed to be, intrinsic to historical thought and discourse. In this general context I wish to discuss two approaches to the problem of elucidating the character of historical knowledge and explanation. Both of the approaches I have in mind have achieved a considerable measure of support at the present time; they have also been widely understood as offering profoundly divergent — indeed, diametrically opposed — views of what is central to the structure of historical thinking and to the type of activity upon which the historian is essentially engaged. It has on occasions been suggested that what — amongst other things — divides adherents to the views in question is the fact that they are committed to radically different conceptions of the subject-matter of the historical studies; that is to say, of human beings and their activities. In the light of this fundamental disagreement, it is argued, many of the more intractable controversies that have arisen concerning the concepts and interpretative schemes in terms of which it is possible or legitimate to treat the human past become readily intelligible. In what follows I want to examine this claim. First, however, let me give a brief, and necessarily somewhat crude, outline of the two positions I have referred to, starting with one that is often described as ‘positivist’.

scholarly journals KOMUNITAS PUSTAKAWAN MENULIS (Upaya Menyebarluaskan dan Melestarikan Pengetahuan)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Tri Hardiningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Writing Competency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Writing Competence

<p>The subject matter that will be discussed on the writing competence librarians as<br />contributors to and preservation of information as knowledge. This paper to explore the writing competence of librarians in contributing to the wealth of knowledge in historical knowledge. Writing of competence librarians can be done by following a community librarian wrote. This work by using the method of literature study conducted by way of data describing the authorship librarian at the time of filing the number of credits that accompanied grain authorship professional development activities. The results showed that the writing competence librarian yet provide maximum results as a contributor in the dissemination and preservation of information. The work of the librarians should be explored and pursued through the establishment of community to be able to write. Written works especially librarians who are ready to share the results of writing published in a sense as an effort dissemination and preservation of<br />information. The conclusions from this study that the competence to write librarians can play a role as contributing of knowledge, writing librarians same with other professions, yet the number of papers produced by the librarian because of a lack of effort to improve the writing competence librarians continue to be more exercise superior and capable of being the biggest contributor to the treasures of knowledge.</p><p>Keywords: librarians writing; competency of writing; library; librarian</p>

scholarly journals Historyja żałosna… Bartłomieja Paprockiego – u progu polskiej epiki historycznej

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-97
Author(s):  
Renata Ryba
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Times ◽  
Narrative Poems ◽  
Narrative Poem

The subject of considerations in the present article is the work by Bartłomiej Paprocki: Historyja żałosna o prędkości i okrutności tatarskiej […], which appeared in 1575. What can be noticed in the said work is the process of intersecting of generic features of current-novelties song (Polish pieśń nowiniarska) and the epic features, the latter being particularly those that characterise historical narrative poems, such as: verismo, events chronology, using information from contemporaneous sources, recording places and persons who participate in depicted events, moderation when it comes to utilising stylistic devises. At the same time, mainly in the dedicatory letter addressed to Anzelm Gostomski, an endeavour may be noticed to overcome the poetics of current-novelties songs – not least by creating the image of poet as a soothsayer. To the author’s mind, the work by Paprocki appeared at the dawn of Polish heroicum. The narrative poem in question came a few years prior to the poetical renderings from the times of war campaigns of Stephen Báthory, which are considered by this subject’s scholars as first attempts at creating new poetical quality – the historical narrative poem.

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