Role of Constitutive Heterochromatin in Evolutionary Divergence: Results of Chromosome Banding and Condensation Inhibition Studies in Mus musculus, Mus booduga and Mus dunni

ABSTRACT The late metaphase-early anaphase cells from various tissues of male Mus musculus, M. poschiavinus, M. spretus, M. castaneus, female and male Bos taurus (cattle) and female Myopus schisticolor (wood lemming) were analyzed for centromeres that showed separation into two daughter centromeres and those that did not show such separation. In all strains and species of mouse the Y chromosome is the first one to separate, as is the X or Y in the cattle. These sex chromosomes are devoid of constitutive heterochromatin, whereas all autosomes in these species carry detectable quantities. In cattle, the late replicating X chromosome appears to separate later than the active X. In the wood lemming the three pairs of autosomes with the least amount of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin separate first. These are followed by the separation of seven pairs of autosomes carrying medium amounts of constitutive heterochromatin. Five pairs of autosomes with the largest amounts of constitutive heterochromatin are the last in the sequence of separation. The sex chromosomes with medium amounts of constitutive heterochromatin around the centromere, and a very large amount of distal heterochromatin, separate among the very late ones but are not the last. These observations assign a specific role to centromeric constitutive heterochromatin and also indicate that nonproximal heterochromatin does not exert control over the sequence in which the centromeres in the genome separate. It appears that qualitative differences among various types of constitutive heterochromatin are as important as quantitative differences in controlling the separation of centromeres.

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CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE IN CHILOCORUS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE). II. THE ASYNCHRONOUS REPLICATION OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g76-012 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 85-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. J. Ennis

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Banding ◽

Chromosome Structure ◽

Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽

Chromosome Replication ◽

Data Models ◽

Late Replication ◽

Banding Patterns ◽

Asynchronous Replication ◽

Chilocorus Stigma

Chromosome replication has been analysed in four species of Chilocorus. In C. orbus Csy., C. tricyclus Smith, and C. hexacyclus Smith, centric regions of all chromosomes are last to replicate, preceded in order by heterochromatic arms and euchromatic arms. In C. stigma Say, very late replication of centric regions can be detected only in otherwise wholly euchromatic chromosomes (= monophasics); in chromosomes with one arm heterochromatic (= diphasics), these arms are last to replicate. Based on pachytene bivalent morphology and chromosome banding patterns, and supported by autoradiographic data, models are presented for the general organisation of Chilocorus chromosomes. All chromosomes in the first three species are subdivided into euchromatic arm, centric heterochromatin, and either a second euchromatic arm (monophasics) or a heterochromatic arm (diphasics). Chilocorus stigma diphasics apparently lack distinct centric organisation, and are therefore divided into euchromatic and heterochromatic arms only.

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Fine structure of the heterochromatin of the kangaroo rat Dipidomys ordii, and examination of the possible role of actin and myosin in heterochromatin condensation

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.21.3.465 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 465-477

Author(s):

D.E. Comings ◽

T.A. Okada

Keyword(s):

Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Random Coils ◽

Type Complex ◽

Kangaroo Rat ◽

Thin Section Electron Microscopy ◽

Section Electron ◽

Liver Nuclei ◽

The Brain

Biochemical studies have suggested that some actin and myosin may be present in the nucleus. This raises the possibility that heterochromatin condensation might be the result of an actin-myosin rigour type complex. Since ATP dissociates actin and myosin, this possibility could be examined by determining the effect of ATP on heterochromatin condensation. Thin-section electron microscopy showed large amounts of condensed constitutive heterochromatin in the kidney nuclei and somewhat less in the liver nuclei of the kangaroo rat, Dipidomys ordii. Surprisingly, there were some nuclei in the brain which contained no condensed heterochromatin despite the fact that this genome is composed of 50% satellite DNA. Although washing kidney nuclei with solutions of 10 mM Tris-ATP caused marked decondensation of the heterochromatin, when they were washed with Mg-ATP the heterochromatin was more condensed than in the controls. This suggests the decondensation by Tris-ATP is due to its ability to chelate divalent cations and provides no support for condensation of heterochromatin being the result of myosin-actin interaction. Despite being decondensed, the chromatin fibres of heterochromatin were distinct from those of euchromatin. The heterochromatin formed rod-like 19-5 nm fibres, the euchromatin formed random coils of 11-0-nm fibres.

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IN VITRO FERTILITY TEST OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOA MEMBRANE PROTEIN FERTILIN BETA ANTIBODY IN MICE (Mus musculus Balb/c) AS IMMUNOCONTRACEPTIVE CANDIDATE

Folia Medica Indonesiana ◽

10.20473/fmi.v52i3.5453 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Reny I’tishom ◽

Doddy M Soebadi ◽

Aucky Hinting ◽

Hamdani Lunardhi ◽

Rina Yudiwati

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Fertilization ◽

Membrane Protein ◽

Mus Musculus ◽

Human Spermatozoa ◽

Control Group ◽

Reproductive Process ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

Antibody Induction

One of the materials as potential candidates immunocontraception material is spermatozoa. Fertilin beta is spermatozoa membrane protein and is found only in mature spermatozoa and ejaculate, which serves as an adhesion molecule. Spermatozoa membrane protein that is used as an ingredient immunocontraception candidate, must have specific criteria that the specificity of spermatozoa, the role of antigen in the fertilization process, which includes the formation of immunogenicity sufficient antibody response has the potential to block fertilization. Antibodies against spermatozoa affect the stages before fertilization of the reproductive process and can hinder the development of the embryo after fertilization. Until now very little research data spermatozoa membrane protein as an ingredient immunocontraception are up to the test of experimental animals. The research objective is to prove the role of the resulting antibody induction of antibodies fertilin beta protein in the membrane of human spermatozoa induce agglutination and reduce motility thus reducing the number of in vitro fertilization. Research conducted at the IVF Laboratory, Department of Biology of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Airlangga. This research includes: Test the potential of antibody protein beta fertilin membrane of human spermatozoa and inhibit the role of antibodies in vitro fertilization in mice (Mus musculus Balb/c). In vitro studies have resulted in fertilization figure of 25% is smaller than the number that is equal to control fertilization of 58.7%, whereas previously the spermatozoa were incubated first with a beta membrane protein antibody fertilin human spermatozoa. While the percentage of inhibition of sperm to fertilize an oocyte by 33.75%. Potential imunokontraseptif considered effective if it decreased significantly (P <0.05) than the numbers fertilization in the treatment group compared with the control group. This shows fertilin beta membrane protein antibody has the ability to inhibit human spermatozoa to fertilize oocytes that reduce the number of fertilization.

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Testes and body weight alteration related cardamom extract administration in mice

ARSHI Veterinary Letters ◽

10.29244/avl.3.1.7-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Tyagita Hartady ◽

Arvia Nisrina Praditha ◽

Nabila Ayu Faza ◽

Rini Widyastuti

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Mus Musculus ◽

Point Of View ◽

Average Weight

Cardamom is known as a plant with millions of benefits and it is known to contain aphrodisiac substances. The role of cardamom as an aphrodisiac need to be studied more deeply from the scientific point of view. The experimental object is a 3-month-old male white mice (<em>Mus musculus albinus</em>) with an average weight of about 30-35 grams. After being acclimatized for approximately 2 weeks, 35 mice were divided into 3 groups based on the dose of cardamom extract. At the end of the experiment, the mice will be sacrificed and then the testes were weighed and cauda epididymis were isolated to collect the sperm. Our findings suggested that the dose of administration has important role in affecting the weight of testes and bodies of mice. However, further studies on sperm profiles and optimal administration doses of cardamom extract are highly recommended.

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Ticks on small mammals from an ecotone region impacted by rural activities in Brazil

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.26.2.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 427-437

Author(s):

Rafael Quirino Moreira ◽

Vanessa Do Nascimento Ramos ◽

Adriane Suzin ◽

Diego Garcia Ramirez ◽

Paulo Ricardo De Oliveira Roth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Small Mammals ◽

Mus Musculus ◽

Tick Species ◽

Rattus Rattus ◽

Riparian Forests ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

Cerrado Biome ◽

Didelphis Albiventris

We evaluated the role of communities of small mammals from three distinct areas in a region of Cerrado mixed with Atlantic Forest remains for maintenance of tick fauna. Thirty-nine marsupials (Gracilinanus agilis, n = 34; Marmosa paraguaiana, n = 4; Didelphis albiventris, n = 1) and 33 rodents (Oecomys cleberi, n = 10; Nectomys squamipes, n = 4; Calomys tener, n = 4; Hylaeamys megacephalus, n = 4; Akodon sp., n = 3; Rattus rattus, n = 3; Cerradomys subflavus, n = 2; Mus musculus, n = 2; Rhipidomys macrurus, n = 1) were captured. Solely G. agilis and the four rodent species (N. squamipes, R. macrurus, C. subflavus and Akodon sp.) were infested. Four tick species were collected (Amblyomma dubitatum, Amblyomma sculptum, Ixodes loricatus and Ornithodoros mimon). A. dubitatum was the most abundant tick species on hosts. Capture success was higher in the dry season, but the infestation was similar in both seasons. Forested habitats, particularly riparian forests, resulted in higher number of hosts and ticks collected (from hosts and from vegetation), compared to pastures and anthropized sites. The association between C. subflavus and I. loricatus and between A. dubitatum and N. squamipes observed here is the first recorded in Cerrado biome. Areas with more patches of forest, including the Atlantic Forest fragments, tend to present a richest community of small mammals and associated ticks.

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Fluorescent Light Incites a Conserved Immune and Inflammatory Genetic Response within Vertebrate Organs (Danio Rerio, Oryzias Latipes and Mus Musculus)

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes10040271 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 271 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Boswell ◽

Lu ◽

Boswell ◽

Savage ◽

Hildreth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Danio Rerio ◽

Mus Musculus ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Solar Spectrum ◽

Oryzias Latipes ◽

Hairless Mouse ◽

Gene Clustering ◽

Fluorescent Light ◽

Evolutionary Divergence

Fluorescent light (FL) has been utilized for ≈60 years and has become a common artificial light source under which animals, including humans, spend increasing amounts of time. Although the solar spectrum is quite dissimilar in both wavelengths and intensities, the genetic consequences of FL exposure have not been investigated. Herein, we present comparative RNA-Seq results that establish expression patterns within skin, brain, and liver for Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes, and the hairless mouse (Mus musculus) after exposure to FL. These animals represent diurnal and nocturnal lifestyles, and ≈450 million years of evolutionary divergence. In all three organisms, FL induced transcriptional changes of the acute phase response signaling pathway and modulated inflammation and innate immune responses. Our pathway and gene clustering analyses suggest cellular perception of oxidative stress is promoting induction of primary up-stream regulators IL1B and TNF. The skin and brain of the three animals as well as the liver of both fish models all exhibit increased inflammation and immune responses; however, the mouse liver suppressed the same pathways. Overall, the conserved nature of the genetic responses observed after FL exposure, among fishes and a mammal, suggest the presence of light responsive genetic circuitry deeply embedded in the vertebrate genome.

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Spermatozoa telomeres determine telomere length in early embryos and offspring

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-15-0375 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 151 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

C de Frutos ◽

A P López-Cardona ◽

N Fonseca Balvís ◽

R Laguna-Barraza ◽

D Rizos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Telomere Length ◽

Mus Musculus ◽

Mus Spretus ◽

Cell Stage ◽

Young Males ◽

Early Embryos ◽

Parent Of Origin ◽

Telomere Lengthening ◽

Zygote Stage

Offspring telomere length (TL) has been correlated with paternal TL, but the mechanism for this parent of origin-specific inheritance remains unclear. The objective of this study has been to determine the role of spermatozoa TL in embryonic telomere lengthening by using two mouse models showing dimorphism in their spermatozoa TL: Mus musculus vs Mus spretus and old vs young Mus musculus. Mus spretus spermatozoa displayed a shorter TL than Mus musculus. Hybrid offspring exhibited lower TL compared with Mus musculus starting at the two-cell stage, before the onset of telomerase expression. To analyze the role of spermatozoa telomeres in early telomere lengthening, we compared the TL in oocytes, zygotes, two-cell embryos and blastocysts produced by parthenogenesis or by fertilization with Mus musculus or Mus spretus spermatozoa. TL was significantly higher in spermatozoa compared with oocytes, and it increased significantly from the oocyte to the zygote stage in those embryos fertilized with Mus musculus spermatozoa, but not in those fertilized with Mus spretus spermatozoa or produced by parthenogenesis. A further increase was noted from the zygote to the two-cell stage in fertilized Mus musculus embryos, whereas hybrid embryos maintained the oocyte TL. Spermatozoa TL shortened with age in Mus musculus and the offspring from young males showed a significantly higher TL compared with that fathered by old males. These significant differences were already noticeable at the two-cell stage. These results suggest that spermatozoa telomeres act as a guide for telomerase-independent telomere lengthening resulting in differences in TL that persist after birth.Free Spanish abstract: A Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/151/1/1/suppl/DC1.

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THE ROLE OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN INTESTINAL ABSORPTION I. THE KINETICS OF PHOSPHATASE ACTION ON VARIOUS SUBSTRATES

Canadian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjms53-001 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Neil B. Madsen ◽

Jules Tuba

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Average Energy ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Egg Lecithin ◽

Michaelis Constants ◽

Inhibition Studies ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Hydrolysis Of

The kinetics of intestinal alkaline phosphatase action on sodium β-glycerophosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, and egg lecithin have been studied and compared. The Michaelis constants indicate that the enzyme shows considerably less affinity for lecithin than for the other two substrates, and the approximate ratio of activity with lecithin, glucose 6-phosphate, and sodium β-glycerophosphate is 11 : 78.5 : 100. The energies of activation for the hydrolysis of the three substrates do not differ appreciably and the average energy of activation is 14,500 calories per gram-mole. The similarity of the energies of activation together with results from inhibition studies indicate that in all probability the same enzyme is responsible for the release of inorganic phosphorus from each of the three substrates.

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