Policing Rome

1984 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Nippel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The One ◽  
Considerable Loss

One fundamental question is already implied in the use of the word ‘policing’. A glance at the scholarly literature shows that ‘policing’ is used in the context of Roman history with respect to the aediles and the tresviri capitales, or as an equivalent of magisterial coercitio; or it is applied to the vigiles, the cohortes urbanae or the cohortes praetoriae of the Principate as well as to the respective praefecti; and, of course, to the various controlling bodies and agents of the Later Roman Empire. This is at least partly due to the fact that the fundamental nineteenth-century works reflect a usage of ‘policing’ which oscillates between the description of a function, i.e. securing public order, on the one hand and the designation of a specialized agency to fulfil this function on the other hand. This is due to the fact that the establishment of a specialized law-enforcement apparatus only took place during the (eighteenth and) nineteenth century. The institutionalization of a professional police force represents a fundamental change in societal as well as individual attitudes towards and demand for public order. It may easily be overlooked that the indisputable gain in security and public order had to be paid for with a considerable loss of flexibility in the interaction between rulers and ruled (which was now mediated by a bureaucratic organization), and with an intensification of control and discipline in the everyday life of most members and strata of society.

A Poor Man's System of Justice: the London Police Courts in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Final Shape ◽  
Metropolitan Police

Of the three major innovations in law enforcement in nineteenth-century England, the penitentiaries, the new police and the stipendiary magistracy, the stipendiary magistracy came first. Three years before Patrick Colquhoun published his influential Treatise on the police of the metropolis, urging the foundation of a centralized preventative police force, the Middlesex Justices Act of 1792 established a system of paid magistrates for metropolitan London. The stipendiary magistracy sitting in police offices was further reformed in the 1820s and 1830s, the same decades which saw the organization of the metropolitan police. By 1838 the police courts had taken their final shape, remaining largely unaltered into the twentieth century. Side by side with the new police, stipendiary magistrates were the primary instruments of public order in Victorian London.

Between Sharia and the Beloved

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-195
Author(s):  
James Pickett
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
The One ◽  
Islamic Society

This chapter examines the puzzling implications inherent in the amalgamation of so many social roles and knowledge forms into the figure of the high Persianate intellectual. Its title alludes to two sorts of tension: paradoxes of hindsight that were not necessarily perceived as such within the society in question; and apparent logical contradictions of Perso-Islamic culture emerging from the primary sources themselves, products of their own time and understood as problematic by the historical actors in question. The chapter first addresses the former category: widespread belief in the everyday supernatural was for the most part compatible with scripturalist Islam, even though that imagery would seem to cut across the modern categories of “orthodoxy” and “folklore.” It demonstrates that there was no contradiction between these practices, to the extent that retrospective categorizations of orthodox mullahs, on the one hand, and ecstatic sufis and poets, on the other, ought to be jettisoned altogether. These were all social roles performed by the polymaths of Islam. The chapter then looks at tensions within Islamic society during the long nineteenth century.

Police Functions and Public Order

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fuhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Public Order ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Self Help

This chapter surveys and analyses major trends in Roman law enforcement and approaches to public order. Chronological coverage runs from the early Republic through later Antiquity, but especially concentrates on the late Republic and early Principate. The overall focus is on society’s responses to perceived challenges to public order, and the state institutions which engaged in policing in Rome, Italy and the provinces of the Roman Empire. While non-institutional self-help was important, emperors, governors, city magistrates, and other power-holders frequently turned to institutional policing to counter crime and threats to social order or state power. Scrutinizing Roman attempts to reinforce public order highlights often overlooked ambitions of the Roman state.

The Connecting Strand

2018 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
Eric M. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Habeas Corpus ◽  
William Penn ◽  
Fact Finding ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Developments

Until the first half of the nineteenth century the wide power of the jury was a central check on government as this Chapter shows through numerous examples. The jury might choose to render a special verdict determining the facts and letting the court apply the relevant law. This often happened in routine cases of a technical nature. But the law-determining power of the jury could not be taken from it involuntarily. The power was often utilized in high-visibility cases, e.g. the prosecution of John Peter Zenger for libel, and in ones where the legal issues were clear, e.g. most cases involving misconduct by law enforcement officers. The landmark English habeas corpus decision in Bushell’s Case established that a criminal jury (there, the one trying William Penn for unlawful preaching) could insist on an acquittal regardless of the judge’s view. Moreover, juries could constrain the judges’ sentencing options through fact-finding whose effect was to render the defendant guilty only of a lesser offense (e.g. Colony v. Bullojne (Mass. 1667)). The jury’s role as a constraint on power was eviscerated by subsequent historical developments. The present situation is undesirable and should be reconsidered.

What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 124-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benet Salway
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Roman History ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Perusal of over a thousand years of the fasti of the Romans' eponymous magistracy is sufficient to demonstrate that Roman onomastic practice did not stand still. Why, then, is there a tendency to see the system of three names (tria nomina, i.e. praenomen, nomen gentilicium, and cognomen) as the perfection and culmination of the Roman naming system rather than as a transitory stage in an evolutionary process? The simple answer is probably that usage of the tria nomina happens to be typical of the best documented class in one of the best documented, and certainly most studied, eras of Roman history — the late Republic and early Empire. This perspective tends to pervade discussion of post-classical developments, the basic outline of which is clear from a glancing comparison of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani, which catalogues eminent persons of the first to third centuries A.D., with the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, covering the fourth to seventh. The difference in their very organizational structure betrays the change since, while the entries in PIR are classified alphabetically by nomen, those of PLRE are arranged by last name, usually cognomen. The major problem requiring explanation is why the nomen gentilicium, the central element of the classical tria nomina, should have been displaced by the cognomen as the one most consistently attested element.

scholarly journals Roman Emperors in Dostoevsky’s Calligraphic Notes to The Idiot

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-207
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Imperial Cult ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The article focuses on clarifying the role of names of Roman emperors in Dostoevsky’s calligraphic records in his notebooks of the late 1860s (Russian State Archive of Literature and Art. Funds 212.1.6 and 212.1.7). One of the reasons for Fedor Dostoevsky’s invocation of images and themes from Roman history was the idea characteristic of the educated class of the mid-19th century, namely, that the history of Rome is a model of virtues and example of vices and atrocities, and is therefore essential to everyone who is not indifferent to the fate of humankind. Since the writer’s creative reflections mainly refer to Gaius Julius Caesar and the rulers of the first two centuries (and the first three dynasties) of the Imperial Period, the writer’s interest in the Roman Caesars must be correlated with his assessment of Imperial Rome in the I—II centuries as the time of strengthening the sole nature of the Emperor’s power and the spread of the Imperial cult, on the one hand, and the formation of Christianity, on the other. At the same time, Dostoevsky’s attention was drawn to Attila and Romulus Augustulus, whose names are associated with the final pages of the history of the Western Roman Empire. For Dostoevsky, Not only texts authored by ancient and Christian authors, but also images of Imperial Rome in contemporary literature and journalism became the sources of associations and motifs associated with the Roman Caesars for Dostoevsky. The most important nuances of meaning were born from the comparison of ancient Roman history with the new history of Western Europe and Russia. The evolution of the subject of calligraphic notes in The Idiot is significant: in the initial drafts of the novel the emphasis was placed on the despotism and monstrosity of the Roman rulers, while the notes for the final version concentrated on the reflection of the history of Imperial Rome and its fate in the Apocalypse.

James Thomas Marshall's correspondence (1887–1895) with Scotland's Alexander Somerville: practical, personal and controversial matters in conchology

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. MOORE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
The One ◽  
Clyde Sea ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Molluscan Species

Attention is drawn to the one side remaining of a nineteenth-century correspondence addressed to Alexander Somerville that is housed in the archives of the Scottish Association for Marine Science at Oban, concerning conchological matters. Previously unstudied letters from James Thomas Marshall shed new light on the practicalities of offshore dredging by nineteenth-century naturalists in the Clyde Sea Area; on personalities within conchology; on the controversies that raged among the conchological community about the production of an agreed list of British molluscan species and on the tensions between conchology and malacology. In particular, the criticism of Canon A. E. Norman's ideas regarding taxonomic revision of J. G. Jeffreys's British conchology, as expressed by Marshall, are highlighted.

Ruler Visibility and Popular Belonging in the Ottoman Empire, 1808-1908

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darin Stephanov
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Consciousness ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Point Model ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
National Movements ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms ◽  
The One

‘What do we really speak of when we speak of the modern ethno-national mindset and where shall we search for its roots?’ This is the central question of a book arguing that the periodic ceremonial intrusion into the everyday lives of people across the Ottoman Empire, which the annual royal birthday and accession-day celebrations constituted, had multiple, far-reaching, and largely unexplored consequences. On the one hand, it brought ordinary subjects into symbolic contact with the monarch and forged lasting vertical ties of loyalty to him, irrespective of language, location, creed or class. On the other hand, the rounds of royal celebration played a key role in the creation of new types of horizontal ties and ethnic group consciousness that crystallized into national movements, and, after the empire’s demise, national monarchies. The book discusses the themes of public space/sphere, the Tanzimat reforms, millet, modernity, nationalism, governmentality, and the modern state, among others. It offers a new, thirteen-point model of modern belonging based on the concept of ruler visibility.

Victorian Culture and Classical Antiquity

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Goldhill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Victorian Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Victorian Art ◽  
Victorian Science ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Nineteenth Century Novels

How did the Victorians engage with the ancient world? This book is an exploration of how ancient Greece and Rome influenced Victorian culture. Through Victorian art, opera, and novels, the book examines how sexuality and desire, the politics of culture, and the role of religion in society were considered and debated through the Victorian obsession with antiquity. Looking at Victorian art, it demonstrates how desire and sexuality, particularly anxieties about male desire, were represented and communicated through classical imagery. Probing into operas of the period, the book addresses ideas of citizenship, nationalism, and cultural politics. And through fiction—specifically nineteenth-century novels about the Roman Empire—it discusses religion and the fierce battles over the church as Christianity began to lose dominance over the progressive stance of Victorian science and investigation. Rediscovering some great forgotten works and reframing some more familiar ones, the book offers extraordinary insights into how the Victorian sense of antiquity and our sense of the Victorians came into being. With a wide range of examples and stories, it demonstrates how interest in the classical past shaped nineteenth-century self-expression, giving antiquity a unique place in Victorian culture.

Recommendations of The Ombudsman’s Dilemma: Between Law Enforcement Officials and Protection of Credibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Dyah Adriantini Sintha Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Oversight Body

The Ombudsman as an external oversight body for official performance, in Fikih Siyasah (constitutionality in Islam) is included in the supervision stipulated in legislation (al-musahabah al-qomariyah). Supervision is done so that public service delivery to the community is in accordance with the rights of the community. This is done because in carrying out its duties, officials are very likely to conduct mal administration, which is bad public services that cause harm to the community. The Ombudsman is an institution authorized to resolve the mal administration issue, in which one of its products is by issuing a recommendation. Although Law No. 37 of 2018 on the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia states that the recommendation is mandatory, theombudsman's recommendations have not been implemented. This is due to differences in point of view, ie on the one hand in the context of law enforcement, but on the other hand the implementation of the recommendation is considered as a means of opening the disgrace of officials. Recommendations are the last alternative of Ombudsman's efforts to resolve the mal administration case, given that a win-win solution is the goal, then mediation becomes the main effort. This is in accordance with the condition of the Muslim majority of Indonesian nation and prioritizes deliberation in resolving dispute. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the community and officials related to the implementation of the Ombudsman's recommendations in order to provide good public services for the community, which is the obligation of the government.

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