Growing Season Water Relations of Rhododendron maximum L. and Kalmia latifolia L

1991 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Rhododendron Maximum

scholarly journals Response of carbon fluxes to water relations in a savanna ecosystem in South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1797-1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Kutsch ◽  
N. Hanan ◽  
B. Scholes ◽  
I. McHugh ◽  
W. Kubheka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method

Abstract. The principal mechanisms that connect carbon fluxes with water relations in savanna ecosystems were studied by using eddy covariance method in a savanna ecosystem at Kruger National Park, South Africa. Since the annual drought and rewetting cycle is a major factor influencing the function of savanna ecosystems, this work focused on the close inter-connection between water relations and carbon fluxes. Data from a nine-month measuring campaign lasting from the early wet season to the late dry season were used. Total ecosystem respiration showed highest values at the onset of the growing season, a slightly lower plateau during the main part of the growing season and a continuous decrease during the transition towards the dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance was changed in two ways: changes due to phenology during the course of the growing season and short-term acclimation to soil water conditions. The most constant parameter was water use efficiency that was influenced by VPD during the day but the VPD response curve of water usage did change only slightly during the course of the growing season and decreased by about 30% during the transition from wet to dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance and photosynthetic capacity were closely related. This observation meets recent leaf-level findings that stomatal closure triggers down-regulation of Rubisco during drought. Our results may show the effects of these processes on the ecosystem scale.

scholarly journals Germination and Growth of Four Species of Ericaceous Plants

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 633d-633
Author(s):  
John M. Englert ◽  
Carroll Barrack ◽  
Dan Woolston
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Rhododendron Maximum ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Ericaceous Plant ◽  
Good Germination

The germination of ericaceous plant species is often variable and not well-defined. We have had some difficulty in obtaining good germination and significant establishment and growth after transplanting. Four different moisture regimes and two different media were used for the germination of Kalmia latifolia, Oxydendrum arboreum, Rhododendron maximum, and Vaccinium corymbosum seeds. Seeds were surface-sown on peat or peat + bark (1:4) media. Pots were then placed under either one of two different misting regimes, set in a tray of water, or set in a tray of water under a humidity tent. Germination was higher and more consistent for all species sown on peat and occurred sooner for seeds under the humidity tent. Rhododendron and Kalmia under the humidity tent grew more rapid than with other treatments. Increases in germination under the humidity tent were due more in part to higher temperatures than to the minimal increase of humidity inside the tent. Germination was poor for seeds under the high-mist treatment, presumably because there was too much moisture. Germination of Vaccinium and Oxydendrum was low for all treatments.

Converting Rhododendron-Laurel Thickets to White Pine with Picloram and Mycorrhizae-Inoculated Seedlings

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Neary ◽  
James E. Douglass ◽  
John L. Ruehle ◽  
Walter Fox
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Rhododendron Maximum ◽  
Pellet Formulation

Abstract A ridge site in the Appalachian highlands of North Carolina was prepared for planting container-grown white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings by treatment with herbicide. A pellet formulation of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) containing 10% acid equivalent was applied in May 1978. Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.), laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.), and other hardwood vegetation was sufficient to allow pine establishment. White pine survival was 96% 18 months after planting. Inoculation of seedlings while still in the greenhouse with the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch did not significantly affect seedling survival, total height, seasonal height growth, or basal diameter in the field. Height growth the second growing season after planting 6-month, container-grown stock averaged 5.1 to 7.5 inches. Eighteen months after planting, total seedling height averaged 13.3 inches, with the tallest exceeding 29.1 inches. Both height and diameter growth of white pine seedlings were inversely related to the degree of shading from remaining vegetation.

Photosynthesis, water relations, and foliar nitrogen of Piceamariana and Larixlaricina from drained and undrained peatlands

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 995-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ellen Macdonald ◽  
Victor J. Lieffers
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Drainage Effect ◽  
Nitrogen Relations

Rates of net assimilation and related ecophysiological parameters were measured three times during the 1988 growing season on a total of 80 black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and 80 tamarack (Larixlaricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) trees from two peatland locations, each with paired drained and undrained plots. Ditching for drainage was completed in March 1984. There was no evidence of improved water relations in trees on the drained plots. The initial effect of drainage was the improvement of nitrogen relations. This, in turn, was associated with higher rates of net assimilation. In general, trees in the drained plots were characterized by higher rates of net assimilation, water-use efficiency, mesophyll conductance to CO2, a lower ratio of intercellular to ambient partial pressure of CO2, and higher foliar nitrogen content. For tamarack, the drainage effect was only significant at one location, which was described as the poorer site. For both species, measures of net assimilation and foliar nitrogen were positively correlated with leader growth.

scholarly journals Response of carbon fluxes to water relations in a savanna ecosystem in South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 2197-2235 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Kutsch ◽  
N. Hanan ◽  
R. J. Scholes ◽  
I. McHugh ◽  
W. Kubheka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Leaf Level

Abstract. The principal mechanisms that connect carbon fluxes with water relations in savanna ecosystems were studied by using eddy covariance in a savanna ecosystem at Kruger National Park, South Africa. Since the annual drought and rewetting cycle is a major factor influencing the function of savanna ecosystems, this work focused on the close inter-connection between water relations and carbon fluxes. Data from a nine-month measuring campaign lasting from the early wet season to the late dry season were used. Total ecosystem respiration showed highest values at the onset of the growing season, a slightly lower plateau during the main part of the growing season and a continuous decrease during the transition towards the dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance was changed in two ways: changes due to phenology during the course of the growing season and short-term acclimation to soil water conditions. The most constant parameter was water use efficiency that was influenced by VPD during the day but the VPD response curve of water usage did change only slightly during the course of the growing season and decreased by about 30% during the transition from wet to dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance and photosynthetic capacity were closely related. This observation meets recent leaf-level findings that stomatal closure triggers down-regulation of Rubisco during drought. Our results may show the effects of these processes on the ecosystem scale.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Abstract Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Olympic Wedding’. In experiment one, 7.6 liter (2 gal) and 19 liter (5 gal) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, VA, USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early fall 2000 and in late spring 2001. Plants in 19 liter (5 gal) containers had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6 liter (2 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19 liter (5 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. Plants grown in 7.6 liter (2 gal) containers had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In the second experiment, 19 liter (5 gal) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early fall 2000 and late spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884B-884
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris* ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. `Olympic Wedding'. In experiment one, 7.6-L (2-gal.) and 19-L (5-gal.) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, Va., USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early Fall 2000 and in late Spring 2001. 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In experiment two, 19-L (5-gal.) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early Fall 2000 and late Spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Growth and Water Relations of Kentucky Coffee Tree and Silver Maple Following Transplanting

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Brenda Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Coffee Tree ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Tree Transpiration

Abstract Following transplanting we monitored growth and water relations over two years in Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) C. Koch) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Field-grown, well-established trees transplanted in place were compared to nontransplanted control trees. Predawn water potential was measured twice each month for two growing seasons, as well as midday stomatal conductance and water potential. Shoot elongation, leaf size, diameter growth, and total leaf area were determined both years. Less total leaf area as a result of transplanting apparently moderated total tree transpiration in both species. Reduced tree transpiration allowed stomatal conductance and predawn water potential to reach levels equal to non-transplanted trees in both species during periods of high rainfall. During low-rainfall periods water relations of transplanted Kentucky coffee tree (KCT) declined more than silver maple (MAP) relative to the control trees. Compared to non-transplanted trees, transplanting reduced growth of KCT more than that of MAP the first year. In the second year, when growing-season rainfall was less than half of the first year, the relative effect of transplanting on growth of the two species was reversed, indicating that KCT was more drought tolerant. These results suggested that deciduous balled-and-burlapped trees transplanted while dormant self-regulate water loss by reducing transpiring leaf area the following growing season.

Some physiological aspects of blackend of pears

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Wauchipe
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Water Contents

Leaves and fruit were sampled throughout the growing season from Josephine de Malines pear trees on Kieffer seedling rootstocks growing under irrigation in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria. The samples were taken from three trees that had consistently carried blackend fruit and from three trees that had never had blackend fruit. Water contents and water deficits were determined for the leaf samples, and the fruit samples were analysed for soluble solids and calcium content. There were no differences in the leaf water relations between affected and unaffected trees, but soluble solids and calcium contents of the fruit were greater in the samples from affected trees. In all samples soluble solids and calcium contents were higher at the calyx end of the fruit.

Water relations of winter wheat: 1. Growth of the root system

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
M. McGowan ◽  
P. V. Biscoe ◽  
B. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Root Dry Weight

SummaryThe production of root axes and the growth of the root system are reported for a commercially grown crop of Maris Huntsman winter wheat. Soil cores were extracted on 17 occasions during the growing season permitting a detailed study of root length and root dry weight with depth and time.Production of seminal root axes was complete by the beginning of March when all plants possessed six (occasionally seven) axes which persisted throughout the life of the crop. Nodal axes were produced continuously from mid-February until late May and finally numbered approximately 20 stem nodal axes per main stem. Total root dry weight increased exponentially until the beginning of April and then almost linearly to reach a maximum of 105 g root/m2 field in mid-June (anthesis). After anthesis, total root dry weight decreased but root growth continued below 80 cm. From April onwards, approximately 65% of the total root dry weight was in the 0–30 cm layer.

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