scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884B-884
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris* ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. `Olympic Wedding'. In experiment one, 7.6-L (2-gal.) and 19-L (5-gal.) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, Va., USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early Fall 2000 and in late Spring 2001. 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In experiment two, 19-L (5-gal.) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early Fall 2000 and late Spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Abstract Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Olympic Wedding’. In experiment one, 7.6 liter (2 gal) and 19 liter (5 gal) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, VA, USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early fall 2000 and in late spring 2001. Plants in 19 liter (5 gal) containers had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6 liter (2 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19 liter (5 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. Plants grown in 7.6 liter (2 gal) containers had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In the second experiment, 19 liter (5 gal) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early fall 2000 and late spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Above-grade Planting with Organic Matter Improves Post-transplant Growth of Two Native Shrub Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 520-524
Author(s):  
Julie Guckenberger Price ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Robert S. Boyd ◽  
Kenneth M. Tilt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Morella Cerifera ◽  
Landscape Establishment ◽  
Mountain Laurel

Planting shrubs above-grade with organic matter has shown potential for improving landscape establishment. To further investigate this technique, wax myrtle [Morella cerifera (syn. Myrica cerifera)] (3 gal) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia ‘Olympic Wedding’) (5 gal) were planted on 30 Oct. 2006 (fall planting) and 12 Apr. 2007 (spring planting) in the ground in a shade house in Auburn, AL. At each planting date, plants of each species were assigned one of four treatments. Three of four treatments used a modified above-grade planting technique in which shrubs were planted such that the top 3 inches of the root ball remained above soil grade. Organic matter, either pine bark (PB), peat (PT), or cotton gin compost (CGC), was applied around the above-grade portion of the root ball, tapering down from the top of the root ball to the ground. In the fourth treatment, plants were planted at-grade with no organic matter (NOM). In general, both species had higher shoot dry weight (SDW) and root spread (RS) when planted in the fall than when planted in spring. Among all treatments, plants also typically had larger RS when planted above-grade with PB or PT. For easy-to-transplant species (such as wax myrtle) and especially for difficult-to-transplant species like mountain laurel, fall planting using this modified above-grade planting technique with PB or PT may improve post-transplant root growth and speed establishment in the first growing season.

scholarly journals The Effect of Irradiance, Defoliation, and Bulb Size on Flowering of Nerine bowdenii W. Watson (Amaryllidaceae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.I. Theron ◽  
G. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Unit ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Large Nerine bowdenii bulbs (>14 cm in circumference) were exposed to low ligbt intensities for different periods during two successive growing seasons. The flowering percentage and number of florets in the current season's inflorescence were recorded at anthesis. Small and large bulbs were subjected to continual defoliation starting at different times during the growing season. Bulbs were dissected at planting (26 Sept. 1992) and on 12 Jan. 1993 (nondefoliated control bulbs) to determine growth and developmental stage. At anthesis, inflorescences were harvested and the florets per inflorescence were counted. After anthesis in the fall, all bulbs were dissected and the following variables recorded: 1) percentage flowering, quiescence, or abortion of the current season's inflorescence; 2) developmental stage of quiescent inflorescences; 3) number of florets in the outermost inflorescence; 4) developmental stage of the innermost inflorescence; 5) number of leaves or leaf bases in each growth unit; 6) number of daughter bulbs; and 7) dry weight of new leaf bases. There were three reasons for nonflowering of the bulbs, viz., failure to initiate an inflorescence, inflorescences remaining quiescent, and inflorescence abortion. Individual florets that had not reached stage “Late G” (gynoecium elongated, carpels fused) at the start of rapid inflorescence elongation aborted. The more florets that aborted, the greater the probability that the entire inflorescence aborted. The inflorescence was more vulnerable to stress during the first half of the growing season due to its relatively weak position in the hierarchy of sinks within the bulb.

scholarly journals Budset and Growth of Eastern White Pine Following Application of 6-Benzylaminopurine to Seedlings Fertilized with Different Levels of Nitrogen

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Robert D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
One Year ◽  
Different Levels

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were potted and solution fed once weekly during 2 growing seasons with 5 levels of N in the irrigation water: 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm. Leaders were treated with 750 ppm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in late June of the first year. The higher N levels resulted in greater stem diameter, greater foliage dry weight, longer and heavier needle fascicles, better foliage color, greater budset after application of BA, and more and longer branches on the BA-treated leader the second growing season. BA should be applied to trees with N concentration ≥ 1.5% in one-year-old foliage.

scholarly journals Performance of Broccoli Cultivars in Spring and Fall Evaluations in Pennsylvania

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-876
Author(s):  
Elsa Sánchez ◽  
Thomas Butzler ◽  
Lee Stivers ◽  
Robert Pollock ◽  
Timothy Elkner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Head Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
A Site

Recent hypothetical modeling suggests that increasing commercial broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) acreage in the eastern United States has the potential to notably reduce the costs of transportation within the broccoli supply chain. In this region, increasing broccoli acreage will require production improvements. Here, research was conducted to determine the best yielding commercially available cultivars for broccoli production. Eighteen to 19 cultivars of broccoli were evaluated in spring and fall evaluations using diverse production systems during 2014–15 in three locations across Pennsylvania. Data collected included production, yield, and quality attributes. Most interactions between site, year, and cultivar were significant suggesting that environmental conditions influence broccoli yield, quality, and concentration of harvest. Overall, the cultivars evaluated were not different from, Imperial, the standard used, for marketable yield, head diameter, and concentration of harvest within a site year. Blue Wind was consistently the first cultivar harvested, and Avenger and Emerald Jewel the last overall site years and growing seasons. These three cultivars may be good options for extending the growing season.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Design on Plant Growth and Root Deformation of Littleleaf Linden and Field Elm

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1824-1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Amoroso ◽  
Piero Frangi ◽  
Riccardo Piatti ◽  
Francesco Ferrini ◽  
Alessio Fini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Root Deformation

This experiment investigated the effect of different container design on growth and root deformation of littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). The trial was carried out over two growing seasons (2008 to 2009). In April 2008, 1-year-old bare-root seedlings of the two species were potted in three types of 1-L containers: Superoots® Air-Cell™ (The Caledonian Tree Company, Pathhead, UK), Quadro fondo rete (Bamaplast, Massa e Cozzile, Italy), and smooth-sided containers. At the beginning of the second growing season, the same plants were repotted in the following 3-L containers: Superoots® Air-Pot™ (The Caledonian Tree Company), Quadro antispiralizzante (Bamaplast), and smooth-sided containers. At the end of each growing season, a subset of the plants from each container type was harvested to determine shoot and root dry mass and root deformation (by dry weight of root deformed mass relative to the whole root mass). Chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content were measured during the second growing season. For both species, at the end of first growing season, the poorest root architecture was observed in the smooth-sided containers, whereas Superoots® Air-Cell™ and Quadro fondo rete both reduced the percentage of deformed root mass. At the end of the second growing season, plants of both species grown in Superoots® Air-Pot™ showed less deformed root mass, whereas Quadro antispiralizzante provided good results only in littleleaf linden. A reduction of field elm root biomass and littleleaf linden shoot biomass was observed at the end of the trial in plants grown in Superoots® Air-Pot®. Plants grown in these containers showed less leaf chlorophyll content compared with plants grown in smooth-sided containers at the end of the second year.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF MULCHES ON NURSERY SEEDBEDS OF WHITE SPRUCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Rye Straw ◽  
A Minor

Several kinds of seedbed mulch were used in an experiment to study frost heaving of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in a nursery. Treatments consisted of silica gravel (of three sizes), hardwood sawdust, vermiculite, shredded sphagnum, mixed silica and sphagnum, and rye straw (the regular nursery mulch). These were applied to beds sown in the fall of 1958, 1959 and I960. Shading of beds during the winter between the first and second growing seasons was also examined.During the first growing season, several counts were made of the number of trees and weeds. At the beginning of the second growing season a count was made of the trees heaved and the residual stand. At the beginning of the third growing season, samples were taken for laboratory measurements of top length, root length, stem diameter, oven-dry weight and top-root ratio.The sawdust mulch was superior in most respects. It permitted the highest germination and survival, better prevention of heaving than rye straw, and better weed control than rye straw. Although the sawdust mulch treatment produced small and poorly balanced trees this was believed due chiefly to high bed density, and compared favourably with the rye straw. The use of hardwood sawdust as a mulch offered considerable advantage over the presently used rye-straw.Heaving was found to be a minor cause of mortality over the three year period examined. Shading of the beds offered no advantage in reducing this loss.

scholarly journals Impacts of Climatic Variation on the Growth of Black Spruce Across the Forest-Tundra Ecotone: Positive Effects of Warm Growing Seasons and Heat Waves Are Offset by Late Spring Frosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Moreau ◽  
Catherine Chagnon ◽  
David Auty ◽  
John Caspersen ◽  
Alexis Achim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Forest Tundra ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Spring Frosts

Climate strongly limits the physiological processes of trees near their range limits, leading to increased growth sensitivity. Northeastern North America is experiencing considerable warming, so the growth of trees near the northern treeline represents a key indicator of forest responses to climate change. However, tree-ring series and corresponding climatic data are scarce across the forest-tundra ecotone when compared to southern boreal regions, resulting in fewer studies on growth-climate relationships focused on this ecotone. Using daily climatic data, we identified trends in growing season heat accumulation and the intensity of acute climatic events over the last several decades in the southern and the northern parts of the forest-tundra ecotone in northeastern North America, and investigated their influence on black spruce radial growth. We found that black spruce trees responded positively to the increase in growing season temperatures and heat wave intensity, suggesting that growth is currently limited by suboptimal temperatures. While tree growth in the southern region generally benefited from warm spring temperatures, vulnerability to late spring frosts reduced tree growth in the northern region and increased probability of abrupt growth decline. In this region, late spring frosts offset approximately half of the additional growth that would otherwise occur over the course of a warm growing season. This vulnerability of northern trees may result from local adaptations to short growing seasons, which initiate biological activities at colder temperatures in the spring. Overall, our results highlight the need to explicitly incorporate acute climatic events into modeling efforts in order to refine our understanding of the impact of climate change on forest dynamics.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals Vegetative Growth of Three Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Obtained from Micropropagation and Softwood Cuttings in Two Florida Locations

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia R. Marino ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson ◽  
James W. Olmstead ◽  
Philip F. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Southern Highbush

Field performance of southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. interspecific hybrids) cultivars Emerald, Jewel, and Primadonna derived from softwood cuttings (SW) and tissue culture (TC) was evaluated in Citra and Haines City, FL, in 2010–12. Both fields were planted in Apr. 2010 on sandy soil amended with pine bark. Plant height and width were recorded at both locations, from which plant canopy volume was calculated. Additionally, whole plants were harvested at planting and after the first growing season, after the first fruit harvest, and after the second growing season. Average plant height and width, number of major canes, and total shoot number were determined at each sampling date. Dry weights for roots, crowns, canes, shoots, and leaves were obtained. Although propagation method affected plant canopy volume during the first season, no effects were observed by the end of the second growing season. At planting and after the first and second growing seasons, TC plants of the three cultivars had more major canes. Total shoot number per plant was greater for TC ‘Jewel’ at all dates but ‘Emerald’ TC plants had more shoots only at planting and after the first growing and harvest seasons. Tissue culture resulted in increased plant dry weights of ‘Jewel’ and ‘Emerald’ after the first and second growing seasons. There were no significant differences in total number of shoots or plant dry weight between TC and SW-derived ‘Primadonna’ plants at any point during the study.

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