Luther's Ecclesiology and his Concept of the Prince as Notbischof

1953 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis W. Spitz
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Current Usage ◽  
Imperial Power ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

Until the appearance of Rudolf Sohm'sKirchenrechtin 1892 and of Karl Rieker's study,Die rechtliche Stellung der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwartin 1893, the opinion prevailed among scholars by and large that the historic development in the relationship of the church in Germany to the state was contrary to the ideal of the Reformer. This ideal was held to be an autonomous congregational church based upon evangelical principles, an interpretation which had received the support of Aemil Richter's authority inDie Geschichte der cvangelischen Kirciwnverfassung in Deutschland, 1851. Since then, Reformation students have divided on this question. Luther wrote of theNotbischöfe: “I wish to leave the jurists … to settle this disputation … I will write as a theologian and a heretic,” and thereby he left a legacy of controversy both to jurists and historians. With equal truth Luther could write, “The other articles … I commend to the lawyers, for it is not my business as an evangelist to decide and judge in these matters. I shall instruct and teach consciences what pertains to divine and Christian matters,” and still maintain, “that since the time of the apostles the secular sword and authority has never been so clearly described and grandly lauded as by me, which even my enemies must acknowledge.” He was involved by circumstances in social and political questions which were notper sehis concern as a theologian. Several factors complicate an analysis of Luther's theory of church and state, the immediacy of the medieval inheritance, conceptual differences of terminology from current usage, the complexity of the transitional historical situation, and Luther's characteristic way of addressing himself to a problem without relating his plan of action to his total theory. In fact, Dieckhoff says that as the pertinent quotations lie side by side, it is impossible to harmonize them. Such pessimism, however, is unwarranted, for Luther was never pathologically dialectical and his position can be satisfactorily understood if viewed in relation to his central orientation. Luther's political theory involved, of course, many facets, the question of Imperial power, papal theory, war, toleration, the Turkish question, feudal loyalties, and others. A study of theNotbischöfeproblem is central, however, for an understanding of his ecclesiology and the much debated church-state question.

Ding Guangxun: Maintaining the Church

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloë Starr
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Church Leader ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Theological Thought ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Intense Debate

Ding Guangxun (K. H. Ting, 1915–2012) was heralded during his lifetime as the premier church statesman of the PRC era, a figure whose leadership of the authorized Protestant church and its national seminary spanned five decades and whose theological thought guided the church through much of that period. Ding’s theology is highly pragmatic in orientation, and his effect as a church leader was as important as his effect as a theologian. This chapter concentrates on the early writings of Ding Guangxun, from the 1940s and 1950s, to create a base understanding of his theological position in the first years of his ministry as comparator for later developments. The period encompassed intense debate on the relationship of church and state and includes Ding’s difficult debates with the staunchly separatist church leader Wang Mingdao—debate that precipitated the split of the Chinese Protestant church and whose ramifications are still ever-present.

The Economics of Ruler-Cult in Anglo-Saxon Law

1965 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
William A. Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
World View ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Status ◽  
Early English ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Religion ◽  
The Church

If economists have been accused, like Oscar Wilde's cynic, of knowing the price of everything and the value of nothing, historians, on the other hand, often know the value of everything and the price of nothing. Since value and price are historically related, however, the historian who ignores the economics which both embodies and reflects a value-system and world-view does so at his own cost. Thus, the laws of the early Germanic tribes — and of the Anglo-Saxons in particular, to whom this study is confined — are dominated by virtual tables of prices and compensations for offenses and injuries. To the general historian, and even to the medievalist, these are perhaps the least fascinating elements of the laws. Certainly the more cosmic elements of Germanic society almost vanish here beneath the weight of numbers. Nonetheless, even these apparently raw economic sources reveal, upon investigation, not only societal structure and the relationship of church and state but a concept of kingship which is the key to both. Penalties and fines in Anglo-Saxon law will be analyzed here to illuminate these aspects of the early English world.The two greatest influences on the actual codification of Anglo-Saxon law are Roman and ecclesiastical. Before the introduction of Christianity no Germanic written code is known, and the written formulation of law is largely stimulated by an attempt to cope with the new religion and with the status of its institution, the Church, in terms of Germanic society. In Kentish law, for example, dooms concerning the Church show less alliteration and consequently may be taken as newer.

The Report on Relations Between Anglican and Presbyterian Churches

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-388
Author(s):  
Norman Sykes ◽  
Edward Symonds ◽  
J. L. M. Haire
Keyword(s):  
General Assembly ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Presbyterian Churches

‘Shall two walk together except they be agreed?‘ may well been a widespread question asked on both sides of the Border when the appointment of a joint Committee of Representatives, nominated respectively by the Archbishop of Canterbury and by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, to consider means of establishing closer relations between the Anglican and Presbyterian Churches was announced. The Report entitled ‘Relations between Anglican and Presbyterian Churches’ offers a provisional answer to this question, by affording evidence of a surprising degree of mutual rapprochement and by setting forth the bases for further action. Perhaps this measure of agreement is more surprising than ought to have been the case; for the history of the two national, established Churches of England and Scotland indicates how near they have been to each other in polity in the past; and how fortuitous were the circumstances which drove them apart. ‘This is the ideal which springs to light in the last months of 1558’ wrote F. W. Maitland of the relationship of the two nations at the accession of Elizabeth I, ‘deliverance from the toils of foreign potentates; amity between two sister nations; union in a pure religion.’ A Scottish contemporary, William Maitland indeed wrote to William Cecil in England, that ‘earnest embracing of religion will join us straitly together’. It was a consummation then devoutly to be wished; and no less still to be desired in the reign of Elizabeth II after the lapse of four centuries.

A Reformation Dilemma: John Foxe and the Problem of Discipline

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharine Davies ◽  
Jane Facey
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
John Foxe ◽  
Breathing Space ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

John Foxe's De censura, sive excommunicatione ecclesiastica, rectoque eius usu, published in 1551, was the earliest tract to be written by an English Protestant on the subject of ecclesiastical discipline and, as such, deserves a closer examination than it has received to date. Given that continental Protestants and, later on, Puritan apologists alike accepted as axiomatic that the Reformation could only be established on the twin pillars of pure doctrine and right discipline, the appearance at this time, amid a stream of doctrinal polemic, of a tract on discipline, was significant. It indicated that Protestants had become confident enough, after waging war on the claims of the Church of Rome, to regulate the lives of its members, to assert similar claims in the name of Scripture and reformed ‘true religion’. That this tract should appear in Edward VI's reign, and not earlier, was important in this respect, for the effect of the Henrician Reformation had been to render impossible any suggestion that the Church should or could be autonomous in discipline. The psychological climate - as well as the theoretical framework - of the Supremacy persisted throughout Edward's reign, but the fact that the king was a minor gave Protestants a breathing space in which to approach the problem of trying to bring the Church into line with pure, apostolic models. In terms of quantity of published material, doctrine, rather than discipline, was undoubtedly much the more important of the issues discussed; by dealing with discipline a Protestant writer was grasping the nettle, for the subject raised questions about the relative roles of Church and State in the reformation of society and, ultimately, about the structure of the national Church. Foxe's tract was the first attempt to face the question of discipline; that it was the only one, even in Edward vi's reign, showed what a hold the Supremacy had taken. The aim of this article, therefore, is to bring out the significance of Foxe ‘s tract and to explore some of the tensions in mid-Tudor Protestant thought which it reflects. The first part (by Catharine Davies) aims to set it more precisely in its Edwardian context; the second (by Jane Facey) uses it to illuminate the changed emphasis of Foxe's thought on the relationship of Church and State required by the writing of the Acts and Monuments.

scholarly journals Monastycyzm w świecie duchowości ponowoczesnej. Organizacja Morska zakonem religijnym Kościoła scjentologicznego

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Sergiusz Anoszko
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Query Time ◽  
Religious Order ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Ideological Assumptions

Article synthetically describes the history, assumptions and a short description of the Religious Order of the Scientology – Sea Organisation, which was founded in 1967, thirteen years after when in Los Angeles was registered the first institution of the Church of Scientology. The text of the article is based on three basic types of sources: literature, memoirs of former members of the order and the relationship of current active monks, the information from whom was received at query time research at the Ideal Orgs (headquarters) of the Church in Spain and Hungary in 2016. Apart from presenting the image of contemporary monasticism in terms of the Scientology also is explained the basic religious concepts, that relevant for this Ron Hubbard’s cult. The last part of the article is devoted to the symbolism of the Sea Org, which is really a reflection of the ideological assumptions that entity.

Early Stuart Controversy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. A. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Freedom Of Conscience ◽  
British Atlantic ◽  
Religious Controversy ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
British Atlantic World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

The literature of religious controversy that appeared between 1603 and 1642 was concerned with much more than debates on predestinarian theology. Instead, it should be seen as a vital conduit for the discussion of one of the most powerful legacies of the English Reformation: the relationship of church and state. Chapter 5 explores this theme by indicating how the reformation process generated political questions on the nature of power over and outside of the Church, before tracing prominent themes in the controversial literature of the Jacobean and Caroline Churches. The chapter argues that religious controversy drove the process of state-formation in the British Atlantic world, and fed into debates on liberty, toleration, and freedom of conscience.

Sacred Sounds, Secular Spaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Walker
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Reception Studies ◽  
Liturgical Music ◽  
International Exhibitions ◽  
Republican Government ◽  
Epistemological Position ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opera Houses ◽  
The Church

This book is the first comprehensive study that reevaluates music’s role in the relationship between the French state and the Catholic Church at the end of the nineteenth century. As the divide between Church and State widened on the political stage, more and more composers began writing religious—even liturgical—music for performance in decidedly secular venues, including popular cabaret theaters, prestigious opera houses, and international exhibitions: a trend that coincided with Pope Leo XIII’s Ralliement politics that encouraged conservative Catholics to “rally” with the Republican government. But the idea of a musical Ralliement has largely gone unquestioned by historians and musicologists alike who have long accepted a somewhat simplistic epistemological position that emphasizes a sharp division between the Church and the “secular” Republic during this period. Drawing on extensive archival research, critical reception studies, and musical analysis, this book reveals how composers and critics from often opposing ideological factions undermined the secular/sacred binary. From the opera house and niche puppet theaters to Parisian parish churches and Montmartre’s famed cabarets, composers and critics from opposing ideological factions used music in their effort to craft a brand of Frenchness that was built on the dual foundations of secular Republicanism and the heritage of the French Catholic Church.

Food Drive and Satiety in Yellow Mice

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Hollifield ◽  
William Parson
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Gene ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Fasting And Refeeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Reduced Activity

Spontaneous running activity during ad libitum feeding, fasting and refeeding was studied in inbred yellow mice. These studies suggest that the yellow gene per se is not associated with reduced activity and that inbred yellow mice have intact hypothalamic feeding centers. The relationship of these findings to obesity in yellow mice is discussed.

scholarly journals Kerk en burgerlike owerheid: Die Nederlandse geloofsbelydenis en drie kerkordes

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piet J. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Church History ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Ten Commandments ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Reformed Churches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

Church and state authorithy: The Confessio Belgica and three church orders. In reformed churches the Bible is regarded as the norm of the norms. The confessions of faith of these churches are the second norm and subjected to the Bible. The church order is less powerful than the Bible and the confessions but of a higher status than the normal decisions of church assemblies. Therefore, the influence of the Belgic Confession on three church orders is an important issue in these churches.The author recommends four principles to understand the relation between the church and the state authority in article 36 of the Belgic Confession: both should honour God in their activities; both are guided by the Ten Commandments; both have their own internal law to fulfil the purpose as an institution; and both should respect and co-operate with one another. Although they are not in agreement on every aspect, these principles give the guidance to understand the main issue in all four documents which are investigated. The theme of this article is of a theological and church historical nature and a contribution on a well-discussed topic in reformed churches.Contribution: It should be important for the reformed churches in the Dutch tradition that a dynamic relationship exists between their confessions of faith and their church orders. While the Bible is the first and most important norm for church life, the confessions are the second most important. Church history shows that the relationship between the church and state is of utmost importance for the church, the quality of the confessions and the order of the church.

Biblical Theology and the Apocrypha

2021 ◽  
pp. 533-550
Author(s):  
David A. deSilva
Keyword(s):  
Jewish People ◽  
Biblical Theology ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The Face ◽  
Theology Of History ◽  
Wisdom Tradition ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
The Church

The books of the Apocrypha contain extensive reflection on the theologies of earlier Jewish writings, particularly in regard to election, the Torah, and the Deuteronomistic theology of history, in the face of several critical situations facing the Jewish people (the advance and advantages of Hellenization, the repression of Judaism under Antiochus IV, ongoing life as a minority culture throughout the Diaspora, and domination and devastation under Rome). They also bear witness to important developments both in personal and national eschatology and in the identification of supernatural forces impacting human existence (e.g., angels and demons). Early Christians, in turn, found these texts to provide important resources for their reflection upon the person and work of Jesus, applying developments within the Wisdom tradition in their delineation of the relationship of the Son to God and within the Jewish martyrological traditions to their professions about the atoning force of Jesus’ death. These texts thus exercised an important influence on the theologies articulated in the New Testament and the development of the doctrines and creeds embraced by the universal church, despite the ongoing discussions within the church concerning their canonical status.

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