Science and the Idea of Church History, an American Debate

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Warner Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Great Debate ◽  
Reliable Knowledge ◽  
Post War ◽  
American Thought ◽  
Field Of Inquiry ◽  
The Ideal

Students of American historiography value the latter part of the nineteenth century as a period in which distinctive ideas about the nature and procedures of historical research became explicit. More specifically, it was an era when the scholarly world was greatly influenced by the ideal of scientific objectivity and exactitude. Rapid advances in scientific theory and practical application in the post-war industrial boom set a standard for reliable knowledge in all fields. In that general enthusiasm for scientific precision several practicing historians tried to align their craft with the dominant criteria of their day in hopes of winning added respect and integrity for historical writing. The acceptance of that standard in the realm of historio-graphical theory produced significant repercussions in current ideas about church history, an area which until that time had been considered a separate field of inquiry. The decades between 1884 and 1896 mark a watershed in American thought, a transition from historical sensitivity at once patriotic and hagiographical to a discipline self-consciously, perhaps naively, tied to documentary evidence. But, beyond the popular rubric of faithfulness to the written record, there was a great debate over both the possible interpretations allowed by accumulated data and the final purpose of historical information. Such questions were especially relevant to church historians because they often answered the latter query before the former. The conflicting opinions, articulated by a fresh generation of European-trained scholars, broached questions about the historian's task that continue to be pertinent today. Contemporaneous problems besetting all historians came into open conflict in this earlier period, and serious dilemmas still confront us.

Databases, GIS and Internet technologies with the purpose of identifying the soldiers who went missing in action in the Great Patriotic War

2017 ◽  
Vol 926 (8) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
O.S. Lazareva ◽  
M.V. Shalaeva ◽  
S.N. Shekotilova ◽  
V.G. Shekotilov
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Internet Technologies ◽  
Modern Information Technology ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Automated Processing ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Post War ◽  
Missing In Action

There was a discrepancy found between the practice of identification of the soldiers who went missing in action during the Great Patriotic War and also the reburied ones and the possibilities of automated processing of the war and post-war archive documents using modern information technology. Using the practical application of the mix of technologies of the databases, geographic information systems and the Internet as an example there is a possibility demonstrated to establish the destiny of a soldier who was considered missing in action. As far as the GIS technologies are concerned the methods of forming the atlas of rastre electronic maps and vector maps with the data from the archive sources have been the most significant. The atlas of raster electronic maps of the Great Patriotic War period for the Kalinin Battle Front and the 30th army which was formed in the process of research has been registered in Rospatent in the form of database. The functionality of the research was provided by applying various programming means

INFORMING HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENT: TRADITIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, AND OPPORTUNITIES

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
Business History ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Of Inquiry ◽  
Historical Thought ◽  
The Way

Historical research in accounting and management, hitherto largely neglected as a field of inquiry by many management and accounting researchers, has experienced a resurgence of interest and activity in research conferences and journals over the past decade. The potential lessons of the past for contemporary issues have been rediscovered, but the way forward is littered with antiquarian narratives, methodologically naive analyses, ideologically driven interpretation and ignorance of the traditions, schools and philosophy of the craft by accounting and management researchers as well as traditional and critical historians themselves. This paper offers an introduction to contributions made to the philosophies and methods of history by significant historians in the past, a review of some of the influential schools of historical thought, insights into philosophies of historical knowledge and explanation and a brief introduction to oral and business history. On this basis the case is made for the philosophically and methodologically informed approach to the investigation of our past heritage in accounting and management

Herbert Olivecrona: founder of Swedish neurosurgery

1993 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bengt Ljunggren
Keyword(s):  
Medical Society ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Posterior Fossa Tumors ◽  
Neurosurgical Department ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
Diagnostic Neuroradiology ◽  
The Ideal

✓ Herbert Olivecrona (1891–1980) singlehandedly founded Swedish neurosurgery. At the International Congress in Neurology in Bern in August, 1931, Harvey Cushing invited the cream of the world's medical society to a private banquet. Among the 28 specially invited guests was Herbert Olivecrona. At 40 years old, Olivecrona took his seat with pioneers such as Otfrid Foerster, Percival Bailey, Hugh Cairns, Geoffrey Jefferson, and Sir Charles Sherrington. This suggests that Cushing was impressed by the Swedish aristocrat's didactic deeds when he visited the Serafimer Hospital in Stockholm 2 years earlier. During the mid-1920's, the radiologist Erik Lysholm greatly improved the technique of ventriculography and, challenged by Olivecrona, his diagnostic neuroradiology became of superior quality. In the early 1930's, utilizing technical innovations of his own, Lysholm became a master at demonstrating and localizing posterior fossa tumors, which Olivecrona then operated on. Olivecrona's clinic became the mecca to which many scholars, thirsting for more knowledge, went on a pilgrimage. The international reputation of the clinic was founded, not on epoch-making discoveries, but by the resolute and practical application of methods already launched elsewhere and the exemplary organization that Olivecrona had established in collaboration with Lysholm. In spite of hardships and primitive working conditions, the clinic at the Serafimer Hospital gradually developed into the ideal prototype for a modern neurosurgical department. Olivecrona trained many colorful personalities who later were to lay the foundation for neurosurgery in their home countries; these included Wilhelm Tönnis of Germany, Edvard Busch of Denmark, and Aarno Snellman of Finland. Olivecrona was a true pioneer who made major contributions in practically all fields of conventional neurosurgery.

scholarly journals Slaves’ dress between representation and materiality

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Isabela Cristina Suguimatsu
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Ideal

Since the 1960s the focus of historical research about dress and clothing turned from a purely descriptive approach to a semiotic one: researches have started aiming at the representations and tried to understand the symbols behind the objects. Resting on the so called material culture studies, the objective of this article is to conceive dress no more subordinate to the dimension of the ideal meanings, but rather as materiality actively used in the process of signifying and making of social life. In the article I try to understand the role of dressing for “being a slave” in eighteenth-century Brazil: a society that valued ideals expressed in European fashion, but imposed social barriers for accessing them – for the slaves wear the materiality linked to such ideals. O vestuário dos escravos entre representação e materialidade Desde a década de 1960, os estudos sobre a indumentária e o vestuário passaram de uma abordagem puramente descritiva para outra baseada na semiótica: buscou-se atingir as representações e entender os símbolos por trás dos objetos. Com base nos chamados estudos da cultura material, o objetivo desse artigo é pensar o vestuário não mais subordinado à dimensão dos significados ideais, mas como materialidade ativamente usada no processo de significação e conformação da vida social. Para tanto, busca-se entender o papel do vestuário na constituição do “ser escravo” no Brasil oitocentista: em uma sociedade que valorizava ideais expressos na moda europeia, mas que criava barreiras para o acesso irrestrito a esses ideais e para o uso, pelos escravos, da materialidade a eles associada.

Meritocracy and its Enemies: Is There an Alternative to the “Tyranny of the Merit”?

2021 ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Davydov
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Technical Competencies ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Ideal

The article examines  the idea of meritocracy, now increasingly criticized. It is shown that the relevance of the discourse on meritocracy is due to the objectively increased role of education and various creative and technical talents in the context of rapid technological development. At the same time, critics rightly point out that meritocracy today has become largely a myth that plutocrats turn to justify their privileges, status and wealth. The very idea of a meritocracy that focuses exclusively on the technical competencies and abilities demanded by the neoliberal economy is also criticized. Many authors talk about the need to fairly reward and respect low-skilled workers, who often (especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic) bring more public benefit than highly educated financiers or bankers. Nevertheless, the article shows that this criticism is a hidden apology for meritocracy. In this case, critics justify deeper inequalities associated with long-term prospects and self-realization. It leads to cementing the “secondary” status of workers of the “hand” and “heart”, whose fate in the context of automation and the development of artificial intelligence technologies may turn out to be unenviable. In the author's opinion, the only alternative to this state of affairs is the rejection of meritocracy as a normative concept. It should be recognized as an inevitable evil associated with the imperfection of social institutions and, in part, human nature. Accordingly, the author contrasts the meritocratic pursuit of status and power with the ideal of universal striving for the maximum possible and, what is remarkable, all-round development and practical application of the talents of all without exception.

Part VI Discovery and Document Production, 17 Meeting the Requirements of Article 3(3) of the IBA Rules: Recommendations for Successful Requests for Document Production

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
McNeill Mark ◽  
Ryan Margaret Clare
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Fair Process ◽  
Opposing Party ◽  
Arbitral Proceedings ◽  
Bar Association

The International Bar Association (IBA) Rules on the Taking of Evidence, first issued in 1999, were designed as a tool for parties and for arbitrators to promote ‘an efficient, economical, and fair process for the taking of evidence in international arbitration’. Article 3 of these Rules, concerning the taking and presentation of documentary evidence, is arguably the central provision given the important role played by documentary evidence in international arbitral proceedings compared to other means of evidence. However, disputing parties often debate the practical application and interpretation of Article 3-particularly relating to Article 3.3, which sets forth the positive requirements that a party must meet when submitting a request to produce documents that are in the control of an opposing party (a ‘Request to Produce’). This chapter explores the most debated criteria of Article 3.3 in order to identify the characteristics of a well-drafted Request to Produce. Meeting the Article 3.3 requirements will assist a party in advancing its case by obtaining the production of vital and specific documents in an adversary’s possession. It will also promote an efficient and cost-effective process of taking evidence in international arbitration.

scholarly journals William Cawthorne Unwin, 1838 - 1933

1934 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Mechanics ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Engineering Studies ◽  
Modern Engineering ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Informed Opinion ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Ideal

The death of William Gawthorne Unwin marks the end of a significant phase in the history of modern engineering. He was one of the last of that distinguished band of pioneers who by example and by teaching helped to bridge the gulf that had for ages existed between the study of abstract science and its practical application in engineering. His career covered the whole period during which engineering became gradually recognized as a branch of science. It is difficult now to realize that at the time when Unwin’s engineering studies began, informed opinion was inclined still to regard as “ vulgar and sordid ” the application of science to practical engineering. Such a state of affairs at so recent a date may well astonish us, although Rankine, in the celebrated introduction to his volume on Applied Mechanics, describes how wide was the gulf fixed between the ideal and the practical by the philosophers of ancient times.

High-Rate Formation of Nano-Scale Alumina Particles

1991 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kilian ◽  
L. Reinhart ◽  
A. Davis ◽  
T.F. Morse ◽  
D.C. Paine
Keyword(s):  
Size Range ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Monodispersed Particles ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Alumina Particles ◽  
Large Production ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report a new approach to the problem of high rate formation of nanophase powders. In our experiments we were able to make aluminum oxide particles in the size range from 5 to 140 nm (peaking sharply at 35 nm) at a rate of 3 g/min. The starting material was a mixture of aluminum-tri-sec-butoxide and sec-butanol. An aerosol was made from this solution and subsequently burned in a special torch, described below. The resulting particles were spherical and no necked regions were observable between them. In a practical application, our technique allows a large production rate while still approaching the ideal of nano-scale monodispersed particles. The work was extended to the formation of zirconium oxide particles with quite similar results in the size distribution.

scholarly journals EDUCATING THE NATION I: SCHOOLS

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 5-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mandler
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Public ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Post War ◽  
Universal Secondary Education ◽  
Educational Thinking ◽  
The Welfare State ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACTThis paper assays the public discourse on secondary education across the twentieth century – what did voters think they wanted from education and how did politicians seek to cater to those desires? The assumption both in historiography and in popular memory is that educational thinking in the post-war decades was dominated by the ideal of ‘meritocracy’ – that is, selection for secondary and higher education on the basis of academic ‘merit’. This paper argues instead that support for ‘meritocracy’ in this period was fragile. After 1945, secondary education came to be seen as a universal benefit, a function of the welfare state analogous to health. Most parents of all classes wanted the ‘best schools’ for their children, and the best schools were widely thought to be the grammar schools; thus support for grammar schools did not imply support for meritocracy, but rather for high-quality universal secondary education. This explains wide popular support for comprehensivisation, so long as it was portrayed as providing ‘grammar schools for all’. Since the 1970s, public discourse on education has focused on curricular control, ‘standards’ and accountability, but still within a context of high-quality universal secondary education, and not the ‘death of the comprehensive’.

Spurensuche?

2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-112
Author(s):  
Lucian Hölscher
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Church History ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Contemporary Catholicism

AbstractOn the occasion of the upcoming 2017 quincentenary celebrations of the reformation, the Protestant Churches in Germany face the difficult task of avoiding the confessionalistic and nationalist mistakes of earlier centenaries. This essay argues for a celebration which does not fall behind the progress of historical research on the reformation of the past decades: This applies first to the postulate of confessional equity brought up by the paradigm of confessionalization and second to the revocation of an all-encompassing socio-political prerogative of interpretation, upheld by church and theology in the past, within the sociological model of secularization. This contribution considers the danger of a continued neglect of contemporary Catholicism, Judaism and secularism as regards the development of modern society, which would lead to Protestantism’s aggrandized claim of modernity in the style of cultural Protestantism, and of a reduction of modern religious and church history to a mere Protestant culture of remembrance.

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