Historical Account or Discourse on Identity? A Reexamination of Fulbe Hegemony and Autochthonous Submission in Banyo

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Gausset
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Northern Cameroon ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military

Traditional accounts of the nineteenth-century Fulbe conquest in northern Cameroon tell roughly the same story: following the example of Usman Dan Fodio in Nigeria, the Fulbe of Cameroon organized in the beginning of the nineteenth century a “jihad” or a “holy war” against the local pagan populations to convert them to Islam and create an Islamic state. The divisions among the local populations and the military superiority of the Fulbe allowed them to conquer almost all northern Cameroon. They forced those who submitted to give an annual tribute of goods and servants, and they raided the other groups. In these traditional accounts the Fulbe are presented as unchallenged masters, while the local populations are depicted as slaves who were powerless over their fate; their role in the conquest of the region and in the administration of the new political order is supposed to have been insignificant.I will show that, on the contrary, in the area of Banyo the Wawa and Bute played a crucial role in the conquest of the sultanate and in its administration. I will then re-examine the cliche that all members of the local populations were the slaves of the Fulbe by distinguishing the fate of the Wawa and Bute on one side from that of the Kwanja and Mambila on the other, and by showing the importance of the Fulbe's identity in shaping the definition of slavery. Finally I will argue that, if the historical accounts found in the scientific literature invariably insist on Fulbe hegemony and minimize the role played by the local populations, it is because those accounts are often based on Fulbe traditions, and because these traditions are remodeled by the Fulbe in order to correspond to their discourse on identity.

Anna Karenina: The Dialectic of Prophecy

PMLA ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-282
Author(s):  
David H. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moby Dick ◽  
Anna Karenina ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

One of the most impressive features of Anna Karenina is the way in which Tolstoy draws the reader's imagination beyond the literal level of the narrative into generalizations that seem mythical in a manner difficult to articulate. With Dostoevsky or Melville, one sees immediately a propensity for exploiting the symbolic value of things. With Tolstoy, things try, as it were, to resist conversion: they strive to maintain their “thingness” as empirical entities. A character in Dostoevsky is usually only half man; the other half is Christ or Satan. Moby Dick is obviously only half whale; the other half is Evil or some principle of Nature. But Anna Karenina is emphatically Anna Karenina. Like almost all of Tolstoy's characters, she has a proficiency in the husbandry of identity; she jealously hoards her own unique reality, so that it becomes difficult to say of her that she is a “type” of nineteenth-century Russian lady or a “symbol” of modern woman or an “archetypical” Eve or Lilith.

Tweetalig Kleuter- en Lager Onderwijs in Friesland, Een Beschouwing van de Stand van Zaken

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Theun Meestringa
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
The Other ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Medium Of Instruction ◽  
Regional Dialects ◽  
Main Motive ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Regional Languages

Since August 1980 both Frisian and Dutch have been compulsory subjects in the primary schools in the province of Friesland. This article describes the present situation. It begins with a descrip-tion of the motives for bilingual education in Friesland and relates them to the typology of Fishman. This appears to clarify the position of regional languages and dialects in infant and primary education. In the beginning of the eighties the position of the Frisian language in both schooltypes was investigated. About 45% of the teachers of infant groups use Dutch as a medium of instruction in almost all activities, and about 10% does nearly everything in Frisian. The other 45% use both languages; we don't know in which way or proportion. It appears that in musical activities more than one language is used. The other regional dialects of the children are hardly ever used at all. This last statement is at this moment also true for primary schools. Frisian is a subject in almost every school (86%) and a substantial part of the schools (29%) uses it as a medium of instruction. But looking at the desirability of goals as indicated by the schools, it becomes clear that most schools still don't expect their pupils to be able to write Frisian, though most of them say that their main motive for teaching Frisian is to prepare their pupils for functioning in the bilingual culture of Friesland. Too often it seems that the schools fail in respect to at least the Frisian aspects of culture in Friesland. In other words, it may be said that partial and complete bilingu-alism are not yet found in all the infant and primary schools of Friesland. Hopefully this portrait of the state of affairs will turn out to be an instant photo: things are still developing.

Territorial Diaspora Politics

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-103
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Autonomous State ◽  
Diaspora Politics ◽  
Diasporic Communities

This chapter focuses on the classical or traditional definition of diaspora as it relates to a place of origin and/or an attachment to a homeland (whether real or perceived). The chapter highlights theories of classical diaspora and provides an in-depth analysis into the contemporary Kurdish situation of statelessness and increased claims to land (due to their involvement with the fight against the Islamic State). The chapter also makes brief mention of the other prominent case of contemporary diaspora politics in the Middle East, that of the Palestinians. The chapter explains the struggle of the Kurds to self-determination and to establish an autonomous state, and highlights the adoption and use of digital technologies by diasporic communities, which allows for the facilitation of diasporic communities and networks that transcend traditional borders.

In the Beginning was the Codex: the Early Church and its Revolutionary Books

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Stuart G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
History Of The Book ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Revolution

A revolution in book-production marked the beginning of the Church. Almost all literary works were written on scrolls (or roll-books), and were read by unrolling from one hand to the other. It was and remains the obligatory form of the Jewish Torah-scroll. The revolution replaced the roll with the codex or leaf-book of papyrus or parchment: ‘the most momentous development in the history of the book until the invention of printing’. A quire or quires of papyrus or parchment, folded and bound at the back, produced the kind of book with pages familiar to us.

Chateaubriand and Destutt de Tracy: Defining Religious and Secular Polarities in France at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century

1991 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Byrnes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
First Republic ◽  
Napoleonic Era ◽  
Louis Xvi ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Within ten years of the execution of Louis XVI two general and opposed features of the Old Regime, Catholic Christianity and Enlightenment rationality, were globally idealized by two authors—both of them former aristocrats— François-René de Chateaubriand (1768–1848) and Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy (1754–1836). No two participants in the complex discussion of religion and secularism that took place at the highest levels of government and Parisian intellectual life at the end of the First Republic and during the Napoleonic regime better represented on the one hand unconditional nostalgia for Catholicism, and on the other uncompromising intellectual pursuit of the secular scientific ideal. Though it has become customary to oppose the Neo-Christian intellectuals Chateaubriand, De Maistre, De Bonald, and Ballanche, to the Idéologues Destutt de Tracy, Cabanis, Maine de Biran, and others, I believe that this opposition can be clarified if the extremes represented by Chateaubriand and De Tracy are better defined. In other words, a clear definition of the personal metaphysics—thoughts and feelings—of Chateaubriand and De Tracy should establish the polarities of intellectual temperament that characterized the Napoleonic era.

scholarly journals A Revista Dabiq e a construção do inimigo: uma análise das classificações utilizadas pelo DAESH para nomear os seus opositores | The Dabiq Magazine and the construction of the enemy: an analysis of the classifications used by the DAESH to nominate its opponents

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e42711
Author(s):  
Leandro Loureiro Costa
Keyword(s):  
Social World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
Radical Substitution ◽  
Political Security ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Islamic Extremism

A organização terrorista Estado Islâmico tem sido obstáculo para a segurança política em diversas regiões do mundo. Esta incerteza ocorre tanto pela promoção de atentados, mas também pela capacidade do grupo em recrutar indivíduos para que lutem pelos seus interesses. Para tal objetivo, desenvolveu-se uma máquina de propaganda com poder de construir representações demonizadas do inimigo e criar fortes identificações para os que partilham das ideias da organização. Esta pesquisa se baseou na Revista Dabiq para analisar como o mundo social do grupo foi construído. A partir dos seus textos e imagens foi possível compreender quais são os elementos que o compõem, dando subsídios para estudos mais específicos sobre a problemática do extremismo islâmico. Estes padrões lexicais caracterizam os chamados “inimigos” do Estado Islâmico, além da própria identificação do “eu” do grupo estar diretamente ligada a definição do “outro”, são parte de uma visão de mundo que busca responder às crises da modernidade, propondo uma substituição radical baseada na violência.Palavras-chave: Estado Islâmico; Revista Dabiq; Extremismo Islâmico. ABSTRACTThe terrorist organization Islamic State has been an obstacle to political security in various regions of the world. This uncertainty occurs both for the promotion of attacks, but also for being able to recruit young people around the world to fight in accordance with the interests of the group. To this end, a propaganda machine was developed with the power to construct demonized representations of the enemy and to create strong identifications for those who share the ideas of the organization. This research was based on Dabiq Magazine to analyze how the social world of the group was constructed. From its texts and images it was possible to understand which are the elements that make up the same, giving subsidies for more specific studies on the problematic of Islamic extremism. These lexical patterns characterize the so-called "enemies" of the Islamic State, and the very identification of the group's "I" is directly linked to this definition of the "other." These are part of a worldview that seeks to respond to the crises of modernity by proposing a radical substitution based on violence.Keywords: Islamic State; Dabiq Magazine; Islamic Extremism. Recebido em 14 mai.2019 | Aceito em 19 ago.2019.

Hogan’s Heroes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozan O. Varol
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
State Institution ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Military ◽  
Key Terms

This chapter defines the key terms used throughout the book: military, military coup, and popular revolution. The military, also known as the armed forces, is the state institution responsible for defending a nation’s borders. Importantly, the military is a separate institution from the state’s security forces. Although journalistic and historical accounts often conflate the military with the security forces, they serve distinct functions. Although most nations employ various measures to keep the military subservient to the civilian government, those measures are effective only if the military chooses to follow them. When the military disregards those measures and unleashes its coercive power against the sitting head of state, the result is a coup d’état. The definition of a coup ordinarily requires that its perpetrators come from a state institution such as the domestic military. Although many features of coups are also present in revolutions and popular movements, the definition of a military coup excludes these events because they are perpetrated by the masses, not members of the military.

Review of genera within theAxionice/Pistacomplex (Polychaeta, Terebellidae), with discussion of the taxonomic definition of other Terebellidae with large lateral lobes

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 911-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Jirkov ◽  
M.K. Leontovich
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Confusion ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
A New Species

The definitions of terebellid genera have caused considerable confusion. Some genera, such asPistaMalmgren, 1866, are clearly not monophyletic and the need to revise them is widely accepted. A phylogenetic analysis of genus level morphological characters within theAxionice/Pistacomplex and other Terebellidae with large lateral lobes revealed two well defined groups; these differed in the arrangement of different forms of lateral lobes on segments 1–3, the shape of the branchiae, structure of the ventral pads and, if present, the origin of the manubrium on the uncini. One of the groups includes the type species ofPista; the other includes the type species ofAxioniceand almost all the other genera whose taxonomic status is discussed in this paper (Betapista,Eupistella,Lanice,Loimia,Paraxionice) which we propose to treat as its junior synonyms. Three other genera –Lanicides,LanicolaandScionella– did not fall within these two groups; they are accepted as distinct. A complete list of species ofAxioniceandPistais provided; 39 species currently included inPistashould be moved toAxionice, thusAxioniceincludes at least 94 species. Many authors’ descriptions of the type species ofPista(Amphitrite cristataMüller, 1776) conflict with the original description.Amphitrite cristatas. str. has been described as a new species:Scionella lornensisPearson, 1969 and the type species of a new genus:PistellaHartmann-Schröder, 1996.Scionella lornensisis here considered a junior synonym ofAmphitrite cristata. Redescriptions of the type species ofAxioniceandPistaare provided.

John William Colenso: a Fresh Appraisal

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hinchliff
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South African ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Church

It is probably no one's fault that general histories of the Church in the nineteenth century are so misleading about bishop Colenso. Unless one gets down to the primary source material, which is almost all in South Africa, there is no way of escaping from the distortions of controversy. Almost all the books about Colenso are unreliable. His own biography was written by an ardent admirer who hoped to succeed him as bishop of Natal. The lives of his principal opponents, Robert Gray and James Green, are just as unsatisfactory. Gray's life was written by his son. Green's was written by Dr. Wirgman, a frank and open controversialist. Histories of the Province of South Africa are either missionary propaganda, or else become so immersed in the constitutional and legal issues connected with Colenso, that the character of the man himself is lost. In consequence, the bishop of Natal appears in history as a kind of religious schizophrenic—on the one hand a great missionary who loved the Zulu people with an infinite tenderness and, on the other, a wilful and spiteful heretic for whom no action was too base and mean. Or, worse still, he is represented as a brilliant but misunderstood fore-runner of modern biblical scholars who was also by accident a South African missionary.

scholarly journals MOCKING NATION BUILDING AND IDENTITY. AN ANALYSIS OF CARICATURES IN HUNGARIAN, ROMANIAN, SERBIAN, AND SLOVAK SATIRICAL PERIODICALS IN THE MID TO LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-182
Author(s):  
ÁGNES TAMÁS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The Press ◽  
Historical Memories ◽  
Definition Of

This paper aims to present a comparative analysis of caricatures published in Hungarian (Üstökös, Borsszem Jankó), Serbian (Bič, Vrač pogađač), Romanian (Gur’a Satului), and Slovak (Černokňažník) satirical press in Hungary in the second half of the nineteenth century. The depth of the connection between identity, nation building, and humour will be demonstrated. Theories of nationalism often emphasise the primacy of the role of the press and of print media in nation building processes. To investigate this, humorous printed sources have been selected. The comparison utilises and complements Anthony D. Smith’s definition of the ethnic core and reflects on Christie Davies’ theory of ethnic humour. Tethered by these concepts, the analysis of the caricatures investigates the following aspects: names for the Self and the Other, elements of culture and tradition (languages, habits, religions, supposed characteristics, clothing and bodily features), symbols of the Self and the Other, historical memories and myths of the common ancestry of the Self and the Other, and the definitions of “our” vs. “their” territory and homeland. This analysis reveals that the stereotypes observed in satirical magazines and the images of the Other and of the Self depicted through the use of humorous or ironic techniques can be effectively distinguished and connected to the nation building process and to the process of shaping “enemies”.

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