Social Mentalities and the case of Medieval Scepticism

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Henry Adams ◽  
French Word ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The history of mentalities has now become so widely accepted that even British historians sometimes refer to it: one hardly needs to talk aboutmentalitésany more, though the French word still sounds more modish. But the subject goes back at least to Vico. AlthoughWeltanschauungandZeitgeistsound old hat by comparison withmentalitésthe words remind us that nineteenth-century German historians were interested in the different ways past societies may have viewed the world, while F. W. Maitland and Henry Adams are obvious examples of Anglophones who in their different ways tried to understand medieval ways of thought. In 1933 Jean Guitton, a Frenchman, it is true, but one who presumably came out of that older tradition of intellectual history against which Lucien Febvre set himself, wrote about the need to study thementalitéof an age and summed up what he meant by this as ‘the totality of those implicit assumptions which are imposed on us by our environment and which rule our judgements.

The Lineaments of Antebellum Southern Romanticism

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-188
Author(s):  
Michael O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Old South ◽  
Ernst Cassirer ◽  
Second Look ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Work

It is a curiosity of modern scholarship that the only general work on antebellum Southern Romanticism is Rollin G. Osterweis'Romanticism and Nationalism in the Old South, which has been in print since 1949, is still read, and still –if only for want of a competitor –used. Yet much has changed in understanding of the social and intellectual history of the Old South, and even more of the phenomenon of Romanticism. These changes, natural enough over the span of two intellectual generations, have made many of that book's presumptions questionable; so a second look at the problem seems worthwhile, to clear the ground and to indicate fresh directions. For Osterweis wrote within the assumptions of the 1940s about the nature and shortcomings of Romanticism. He was guided by Irving Babbitt, who scorned Romanticism as a puling and exaggerated passion instigated by Rousseau, a disaster for rational men: at best silly, as with the jousts of antebellum Virginia; at worst dangerous, as with the secession convention of South Carolina. But Osterweis was Babbitt with a difference. While Babbitt and, more weightily, Ernst Cassirer had thought that Romanticism had led the world astray and it was still astray, with Hitler the avatar of Hegel as chilling evidence, Osterweis cheerily regarded Romanticism as a movement that had expired with the nineteenth century, a fossil safe to mock. To this perspective, largely adopted from Jacques Barzun'sRomanticism and the Modern Ego(1943), Osterweis added the view of Arthur Lovejoy, who had insisted that Romanticism, while possessing a core notion of diversity and flux, should most safely be regarded as multiple: there were Romanticisms, not a Romanticism.

Contexts (I)

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-94
Author(s):  
John Scholar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
David Hume ◽  
John Locke ◽  
William James ◽  
History Of ◽  
Franz Brentano ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

Chapter 2 begins the book’s intellectual history of the impression from the seventeenth century to the twentieth (which continues in Chapter 3). These contexts come from two movements, empiricism and aestheticism. Chapter 2 explores empiricist contexts, arguing that James’s impression owes much to empiricist philosophy (John Locke, David Hume), and nineteenth-century empiricist psychology (James Mill, J. S. Mill, Franz Brentano, Ernst Mach, William James). By tracking the word ‘impression’, we can see that Locke and Hume’s stress on first-hand observation, and on thought as a kind of perception, are contexts for James’s conception of the imaginative but observant novelist, for the epistemological demands he makes on his readers, and for the way he represents his characters’ consciousnesses, especially in recognition scenes. Nineteenth-century empiricists’ divergence as to the agency of the subject in consciousness is reflected in James’s characters whose impressions by turns assault them from the exterior, or are partly fictions of their own making.

scholarly journals “GESTALT CULTUROLOGY”: CONCEPTUALIZATION, DISCIPLINARY STATUS AND HISTORY OF RESEARCH

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-107
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Leonov ◽  
◽  
Vaida L. Solovеva ◽  
David Hallbeck ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The Subject ◽  
National Images ◽  
Different Cultures

The article is devoted to the delineation of the subject framework and conceptualization of ge-stalt culturology as an independent scientific direction, that can unite many spheres of knowledge, including theories that have no clearly expressed disciplinary status, or are characterized as “distinc-tive” and “original”. The basis of this direction are proceedings of O. Spengler, oriented to the organic approach of Goethe, in which the problem of peculiarities of perception and uniqueness of representa-tions of reality within separate cultures is put as core. Developing this problem, Spengler carried out a detailed and thorough analysis of gestalts of the world of various “cultural organisms”, devoting the greatest part of the “The decline of the West”. Also considered as fundamental the work of H. von Ehrenfels, which became a kind of foundation for the formation of gestalt psychology. Special attention is paid to the works of G.D. Gachev, who worked in Spengler’s tradition and created a series of books devoted to the disclosure of the specifics of the “national images of the world”. The basic parameters of the invariant of the world images, allowing to compare gestalts, born in the space of different cultures, are designated. The text raises the question of interrelations between psychology and culturology in the field of Gestalt-researchers. The specificity of their subject frameworks and intersec-tion points, making cooperation of these sciences in the study area prospective, are shown. Attention is paid to the sphere of exploration of “multilayered” artifacts, material structures and “semantic aura” of which reflect signs of influence of many periods of history. These complex monuments appear as a kind of historical and cultural gestalts that require special methods of study, conservation practices, restoration and exhibiting. The works of T. Kuhn in the field of philosophy of science, the essential aspects of which are based on the understanding of paradigms as a kind of gestalts, in a special way “refractive” reality for the scientific community, are touched upon. The text considers several author’s concepts and basic scientific spheres, intersecting with the subject field of gestalt culturology, among which is distinguished the theory of sociocultural dynamics of P.A. Sorokin, engaged in the analysis of mental structures of different types of culture; cultural-historical psychology, including a whole range of researchers in this field; cultural-intellectual history; cognitive culturology, etc. Attention is paid to the prospects for the development of gestalt culturology in modern science. The text outlines the prob-lem of an adequate translation into Russian of the scientific term “gestalt”, what makes, in fact, all attempts to monosyllabic translation of this term insufficient.

scholarly journals Life Assurance in France

1901 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 470-514
Author(s):  
Alexander Latta
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insurance Business ◽  
Made In

One of the most remarkable features in the history of the nineteenth century has been the rapidity with which some scientific discovery made in one country has been followed, and often eclipsed, by one on similar lines in another country. The reason for this is not far to seek, for he who would excel in any branch of science or learning must keep himself thoroughly acquainted with its latest developments, and with the progress it is making in all parts of the world. Thus, we find that a rivalry has sprung up, which grows keener every day, between this and the Continental countries in Science and Philosophy, as well as in Commerce and Politics. In this country, however, until quite recently, the insurance world in general, and the actuarial student in particular, have not considered it worth while to inquire how and upon what lines insurance business is carried on across the Channel. So far as I have been able to ascertain, the only books in the Faculty Library dealing with the subject of Life Assurance in France are Walford's Insurance Cyclopœdia, published in 1876, and a pamphlet by H. S. Washburn in 1879. The object of this paper is to supplement to some small extent the information contained in these volumes, and to place materials in the hands of the Actuarial Society which will enable its members to form some idea of the progress and nature of life assurance business in France.

EXPLORING THE INTERNAL STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE ORGANIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Venelin Terziev ◽  
Marin Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Professional Culture ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this article is the genesis of the professional culture of personnel management. The last decades of the 20th century were marked by various revolutions - scientific, technical, democratic, informational, sexual, etc. Their cumulative effect has been mostly reflected in the professional revolution that shapes the professional society around the world. This social revolution has global consequences. In addition to its extensive parameters, it also has intensive ones related to the deeply-rooted structural changes in the ways of working and thinking, as well as in the forms of its social organization. The professional revolutions in the history of Modern Times stem from this theory.Employees’ awareness and accountability shall be strengthened. The leader must be able to formulate and bring closer to the employees the vision of the organization and its future goal, to which all shall aspire. He should pay attention not to the "letter" but to the "spirit" of this approach.

The National and the Universal

2020 ◽  
pp. 368-386
Author(s):  
Sarah Collins
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Johann Gottfried Herder ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Respective Treatment ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines the continuities between the categories of the “national” and the “universal” in the nineteenth century. It construes these categories as interrelated efforts to create a “world” on various scales. The chapter explores the perceived role of music as a world-making medium within these discourses. It argues that the increased exposure to cultural difference and the interpretation of that cultural difference as distant in time and space shaped a conception of “humanity” in terms of a universal history of world cultures. The chapter reexamines those early nineteenth-century thinkers whose work became inextricably linked with the rise of exclusivist notions of nationalism in the late nineteenth century, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and John Stuart Mill. It draws from their respective treatment of music to recover their early commitment to universalizable principles and their view that the “world” is something that must be actively created rather than empirically observed.

scholarly journals The sportification of judo: global convergence and evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Sato
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Global Convergence ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Olympic Sport

AbstractThis article re-examines our understanding of modern sport. Today, various physical cultures across the world are practised under the name of sport. Almost all of these sports originated in the West and expanded to the rest of the world. However, the history of judo confounds the diffusionist model. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a Japanese educationalist amalgamated different martial arts and established judo not as a sport but as ‘a way of life’. Today it is practised globally as an Olympic sport. Focusing on the changes in its rules during this period, this article demonstrates that the globalization of judo was accompanied by a constant evolution of its character. The overall ‘sportification’ of judo took place not as a diffusion but as a convergence – a point that is pertinent to the understanding of the global sportification of physical cultures, and also the standardization of cultures in modern times.

scholarly journals X.—A Revised History of the Column of Phocas in the Roman Forum

Archaeologia ◽  
1890 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Public Building ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Worship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Roman Forum ◽  
The Temple

It may be of interest to the Society if I submit to its notice some observations made last year, which render it necessary to re-write the history of one of the best known monuments of Rome.The monument, which for fifty-six years has been called the Column of Phocas, was formerly, when nothing but the pillar itself was seen above ground, the subject of much curiosity and speculation among the visitors of the Forum. The “nameless column with the buried base” was thought by some to be the sole relic of a great temple or other public building. By others it had been conjectured to be part of the famous bridge by which Caligula united his palace on the Palatine with the temple of Capitoline Jupiter. In the early years of the century, among other works of the same kind, it was resolved to clear away the soil and débris from the substructure of this column; and on the 13th of March, 1813, the inscription of its pedestal, which had remained for centuries a few feet below the level of the ground, was uncovered, and revealed the fact that it had supported a statue dedicated by the exarch Smaragdus to the honour of a Caesar, whose name had been erased, but who, by other indications, could be no other than Phocas, an emperor of evil reputation, but to whom Rome and the world owe some gratitude for having been instrumental in dedicating the Pantheon to Christian worship, and so preserving from ruin one of the noblest and most original architectural works of antiquity.

An Introduction to the History of International Law

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baron S. A. Korff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
History Of International Law

For a long time writers on international law took it for granted that the subject of their studies was a relatively recent product of modern civilization, and that the ancient world did not know any system of international law. If we go back to the literature of the nineteenth century, we can find a certain feeling of pride among internationalists that international law was one of the best fruits of our civilization and that it was a system which distinguished us from the ancient barbarians. Some of these writers paid special attention to this question of origins and endeavored to explain why the ancient world never could have had any international law.

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