OBSERVATIONS ON MONEY, BARTER AND BOOKKEEPING

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Baxter
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Severe Handicap ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Unusual Situation

Britain forbade her 18th-century American colonies to set up mints, and sent no supplies of her own coins. In consequence, the colonies were without any official money. Account books of the period reveal how traders fared in this unusual situation. They show that the lack of money was a severe handicap that hindered and distorted trade, but that the colonists to some extent overcame it with the aid of ingenious ledger entries. These culminated in payment by credit transfers in the books of third parties. Such transactions lead to a discussion of the nature of money.

Rediscovering Blackstone: wpływ Williama Blackstone’a na rozwój amerykańskiej nauki prawa w recepcji Alberta W. Alschulera

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Edyta Sokalska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law School ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Common

The reception of common law in the United States was stimulated by a very popular and influential treatise Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir William Blackstone, published in the late 18th century. The work of Blackstone strengthened the continued reception of the common law from the American colonies into the constituent states. Because of the large measure of sovereignty of the states, common law had not exactly developed in the same way in every state. Despite the fact that a single common law was originally exported from England to America, a great variety of factors had led to the development of different common law rules in different states. Albert W. Alschuler from University of Chicago Law School is one of the contemporary American professors of law. The part of his works can be assumed as academic historical-legal narrations, especially those concerning Blackstone: Rediscovering Blackstone and Sir William Blackstone and the Shaping of American Law. Alschuler argues that Blackstone’s Commentaries inspired the evolution of American and British law. He introduces not only the profile of William Blackstone, but also examines to which extent the concepts of Blackstone have become the basis for the development of the American legal thought.

Отцейхгаузадомузеяизисториивоенно-историческогомузеяартиллерии,инженерныхвойскивойсксвязи

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-197
Author(s):  
V.E. . Sergei
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
General Field ◽  
Signal Corps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
The Military

The article is dedicated to the history of the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Corps. The author examines the main stages of the museums formation, starting with the foundation of the Arsenal, established in St. Petersburg at the orders of Peter the Great on August 29th 1703 for the safekeeping and preservation of memory, for eternal glory of unique arms and military trophies. In 1756, on the base of the Arsenals collection, the General Inspector of Artillery Count P.I. created the Memorial Hall, set up at the Arsenal, on St. Petersburgs Liteyny Avenue. By the end of the 18th century the collection included over 6,000 exhibits. In 1868 the Memorial Hall was transferred to the New Arsenal, at the Crownwork of the Petropavlovsky Fortress, and renamed the Artillery Museum (since 1903 the Artillery Historical Museum). A large part of the credit for the development and popularization of the collection must be given to the historian N.E. Brandenburg, the man rightly considered the founder of Russias military museums, who was the chief curator from 1872 to 1903. During the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars a significant part of the museums holdings were evacuated to Yaroslavl and Novosibirsk. Thanks to the undying devotion of the museums staff, it not only survived, but increased its collection. In the 1960s over 100,000 exhibits were transferred from the holdings of the Central Historical Museum of Military Engineering and the Military Signal Corps Museum. In 1991 the collection also received the entire Museum of General Field Marshal M.I. Kutuzov, transferred from the Polish town of Bolesawjec. The Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signal Coprs is now one of the largest museums of military history in the world. It holds an invaluable collection of artillery and ammunition, of firearms and cold steel arms, military engineering and signal technology, military banners, uniforms, a rich collection of paintings and graphic works, orders and medals, as well as extensive archives, all dedicated to the history of Russian artillery and the feats of our nations defenders.Статья посвящена истории создания ВоенноИсторического музея артиллерии, инженерных войск и войск связи. Автор рассматривает основные этапы становления музея, начиная с основания Арсенала, созданного в СанктПетербурге по приказу Петра I 29 августа 1703 года для хранения и сохранения памяти, во имя вечной славы уникального оружия и военных трофеев. В 1756 году на базе коллекции Арсенала генеральный инспектор артиллерии граф П. И. создал мемориальный зал, установленный при Арсенале, на Литейном проспекте СанктПетербурга. К концу 18 века коллекция насчитывала более 6000 экспонатов. В 1868 году Мемориальный зал был перенесен в Новый Арсенал, на венец Петропавловской крепости, и переименован в Артиллерийский музей (с 1903 года Артиллерийский Исторический музей). Большая заслуга в развитии и популяризации коллекции принадлежит историку Н.Е. Бранденбургу, человеку, по праву считавшемуся основателем российских военных музеев, который был главным хранителем с 1872 по 1903 год. В годы Гражданской и Великой Отечественной войн значительная часть фондов музея была эвакуирована в Ярославль и Новосибирск. Благодаря неусыпной преданности сотрудников музея, он не только сохранился, но и пополнил свою коллекцию. В 1960х годах более 100 000 экспонатов были переданы из фондов Центрального исторического военноинженерного музея и Музея войск связи. В 1991 году коллекцию также получил весь музей генералфельдмаршала М. И. Кутузова, переданный из польского города Болеславец. Военноисторический музей артиллерии, инженерных войск и войск связи в настоящее время является одним из крупнейших музеев военной истории в мире. Здесь хранится бесценная коллекция артиллерии и боеприпасов, огнестрельного и холодного оружия, военной техники и сигнальной техники, военных знамен, обмундирования, богатая коллекция живописных и графических работ, орденов и медалей, а также обширные архивы, посвященные истории русской артиллерии и подвигам защитников нашего народа.

Democratising Moves: Power, Agency and the Body

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-17
Author(s):  
Stacey Prickett
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Civil Disobedience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Agency ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
American Values ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Masses

Abstract Recently, the word ’democracy’ has been featured prominently in the press, with calls to restore it, save it from ominous threats and expose challenges to its principles, all predicated on an assumed understanding of the concept. Many of the roots of today’s democracies reach back to the 18th century revolutions in the pre-U.S. American colonies and France, which continue to reinforce Euro-American values and ideologies of nation. The transfer of power remains a defining principle, shifting control from elites to the masses. How do the principles that inspired democratic revolutions relate to the ballot-box versions of democracy today? This article considers contemporary complexities of democracy as a concept, offering examples of how it is embodied through iconography, gestures of defiance and civil disobedience. Democratic values are explored in more formal choreography and in creative processes that establish associations with political agency.

TEXT-FORMING FUNCTIONS OF THE NARRATIVE-ARTISTIC IMAGE “THE FRIEND OF THE HOUSE” AS A PERSONALIZED NARRATOR IN THE TEXTS OF CALENDAR STORIES BY J. P. HEBEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (102) ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
ULYANA A. NEBESNYUK
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Artistic Image

The article focuses on the text-forming functions of the personalized narrator “The friend of the house” in the texts of J. P. Hebel's calendar stories. Applying the cross-cutting analysis of the practical material it has been determined that the auctorial narrator “The friend of the house” reflects a special historical path in the development of the “calendar story” (German: “Kalendergeschichte”) as part of a calendar. The personalized calendar figure of “The Rhenish friend of the house” (based on the image of the “lame messenger”) is characterized by the appearance of a typical German urban inhabitant of the 18th century, a locally determined polysemous name and a “heavenly” metaphorical image. In his “divine” purpose he yields to the prophet a bit and tells readers amazing everyday stories of a sentential nature. Sources of his stories are his personal observations, stories of anonymous or mentioned eyewitnesses, second or third parties (“The Rhenish brotherhood of the friend of the house”, the loyal helpers “the adjunct” and “the mother- in-law”) which also have a projection of the personal biography and the ambience of the writer - the author of the “calendar stories”...

scholarly journals THE “<i>GABINETTO</i> OF GILDED STUCCO” IN THE ROYAL PALACE OF PORTICI, NAPLES (ITALY): SURVEY AND DIAGNOSIS FOR CONSERVATION

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 427-434
Author(s):  
D. Treccozzi ◽  
A. Pane ◽  
A. Sansonetti ◽  
R. Catuogno
Keyword(s):  
Material Characterization ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Academic Department ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Royal Palace ◽  
Original Technique ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. During the 18th century architecture in Naples reached an extremely balanced synthesis between architectural spatiality and decorative apparatuses representing the most successful example of local inventiveness over history. Quite an impressive case dating back to that period is represented by the “Gabinetto of gilded stucco” in the Royal Palace in Portici. Located in the area of the palace known as Caramanico – from the name of the owner of the pre-existing building incorporated in the palace – the stucco was molded between 1752 and 1753 by the two stucco workers Angelo la Sala and Gennaro Bruscino, who also decorated the “Salotto di Porcellana” in Chinese style. Today the room, used as an academic department, is affected by quite a serious stucco decay majorly due to negligence and humidity and consisting in efflorescence, powdering and bursting, worsened by the corrosion of metal fixings. However, the present-day state of conservation of these stuccoworks represents a unique opportunity to carefully observe the original technique used to make such artworks at that time. Therefore by means of advanced surveying instruments and multi-analytical material characterization together with archival documents, the present research – set up in collaboration between University of Naples, Politecnico di Milano and CNR – aims at elaborating a thorough knowledge of an emblematic case of 18th century Neapolitan stucco with a view to its future conservation.

Print, the Press, and the American Revolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
American Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Colonial America ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
The Press ◽  
American Cities

According to David Ramsay, one of the first historians of the American Revolution, “in establishing American independence, the pen and press had merit equal to that of the sword.” Because of the unstable and fragile notions of unity among the thirteen American colonies, print acted as a binding agent that mitigated the chances that the colonies would not support one another when war with Britain broke out in 1775. Two major types of print dealt with the political process of the American Revolution: pamphlets and newspapers. Pamphlets were one of the most important conveyors of ideas during the imperial crisis. Often written by elites under pseudonyms and published by booksellers, they have long been held by historians as the lifeblood of the American Revolution. There were also three dozen newspaper printers in the American mainland colonies at the start of the Revolution, each producing a four-page issue every week. These weekly papers, or one-sheet broadsides that appeared in American cities even more frequently, were the most important communication avenue to keep colonists informed of events hundreds of miles away. Because of the structure of the newspaper business in the 18th century, the stories that appeared in each paper were “exchanged” from other papers in different cities, creating a uniform effect akin to a modern news wire. The exchange system allowed for the same story to appear across North America, and it provided the Revolutionaries with a method to shore up that fragile sense of unity. It is difficult to imagine American independence—as a popular idea let alone a possible policy decision—without understanding how print worked in colonial America in the mid-18th century.

Secularism: A Very Short Introduction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Copson
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Religious Schools ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Religious Persecution ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Freedom Of Belief ◽  
Set Up

Until the modern period, the integration of church and state had been taken for granted. But from the 18th century onwards, some European states began to set up their political order on a different basis. The rule of law through non-religious values embedded in constitutions became the foundation of some states—a movement we now call secularism. Secularism: A Very Short Introduction tells the story of secularism and considers the role of secularism when engaging with some of the most contentious political and legal issues of our time: ‘blasphemy’, ‘apostasy’, religious persecution, religious discrimination, religious schools, and freedom of belief and freedom of thought in a divided world.

The Claude Lorrain Mirror

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-181
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Wilk
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Convex Mirror ◽  
Set Up ◽  
As If

In the late 18th century, aesthetes would tour the countryside to view scenes in a device called the Claude Lorrain mirror. The Claude Lorrain mirror was a black convex mirror that was stored in a padded case. Viewers would set up the scene with great care, holding the mirror before them and looking at the scene behind them in reflection, as if arranging the shoot for a photograph. But there was no way that they could subsequently record the scene, since the samera had not yet been invented, and so they only had their memories of the image so carefully created. How did these devices work, and why did people use them?

Rinman, Diderot, and Lavoisier: New Evidence Regarding Guillaume Franois Rouelle's Private Laboratory and Chemistry Course

Nuncius ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Beretta
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Denis Diderot ◽  
Chemistry Laboratory ◽  
Private Laboratory ◽  
Set Up ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThis paper will present two recently discovered documents that shed light on the activities of the French chemist Guillaume Franois Rouelle.In 1746 the Swedish chemist and mineralogist Sven Rinman visited the private chemistry laboratory recently set up by Rouelle in Paris, and he has left us a record of this visit, including some rare sketches. Given the crucial contribution made by Rouelle's laboratory to the development of the science of chemistry in 18th-century Europe, Rinman's description is reproduced here in full.Rouelle also taught an extremely popular chemistry course at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and conserved in the archives of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier are some notes taken by Denis Diderot in 1757 which demonstrate that for a period the prominent Enlightenment figure attended these lectures regularly.

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