Hypersecretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide following oral glucose in diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Since fructose is normally metabolized in diabetics and has recently been shown to stimulate GH secretion, it was used to assess GH responses in diabetics. Fourteen diabetics (9 on insulin) and 8 controls matched for weight were studied. Fructose, infused over 10 min, was compared to arginine, infused over 30 min, both at 0.5 g/kg. Samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min and GH responses assessed as area under the curve minus the fasting area. There was no significant difference between the GH responses in diabetics and controls to either agent. Responses to arginine and fructose were significantly correlated (r = 0.60, P < 0.01) in all subjects, but not related to therapy, duration of disease or fasting glucose (75–287 mg/100 ml) in the diabetics. Oral glucose blunted the GH response to fructose in 2 controls. It is concluded that 1) fructose can stimulate GH secretion in male diabetics; 2) however, fructose-stimulated GH responses are not increased in diabetes mellitus.

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Cinammon (Cinnamomum Spp.) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research ◽

10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.18:247-255 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 247-255

Author(s):

Sierra-Puente D. ◽

Abadi-Alfie S. ◽

Arakanchi-Altaled K. ◽

Bogard-Brondo M. ◽

García-Lascurain M. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Key Aspects

Spices such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum Spp.) have been of interest due to their phytochemical composition that exert hypoglycemic effects with potential for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We summarize data from 27 manuscripts that include, one book chapter, 3 review articles, 10 randomized controlled trials, 4 systematic reviews with meta-analysis, and 9 preclinical studies. The most frequently used cinnamon variety was Cinnamomum cassia rather than the Cinnamomum zeylanicum, whereas outcomes were defined as fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and oral glucose tolerance test. A great variability in methodology such as different doses (from 120 mg to 6 g), duration of intervention, data retrieved and use of different concomitant medication, were found to be key aspects of most of trials and systematic reviews with meta-analysis available to date. Low quality studies have been made in most cases with a lot of heterogeneity clouding significance of results. More research needs to be done in order to yield accurate evidence for evidence-based recommendations. Its use is not currently a reliable nor advisable option for the treatment of T2DM.

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The Association between Maternal/Fetal Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Gene Polymorphism rs1801278 and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Chinese Population

Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation ◽

10.1159/000514971 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Lingling Wu ◽

Changping Fang ◽

Jun Zhang ◽

Yanchou Ye ◽

Haiyan Zhao

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gene Polymorphism ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Receptor ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Insulin Receptor Substrate ◽

Single Center ◽

Insulin Receptor Substrate 1

Objectives: Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) is a crucial factor in the insulin signaling pathway. IRS1 gene polymorphism rs1801278 in mothers has been reported to be associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, it is not clear whether IRS1 gene polymorphism rs1801278 in fetuses is associated with their mothers’ GDM morbidity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the association between maternal, fetal, or maternal/fetal IRS1 gene polymorphism rs1801278 and GDM risk. Design: The study was a single-center, prospective cohort study. In total, 213 pairs of GDM mothers/fetuses and 191 pairs of control mothers/fetuses were included in this study. They were recruited after they underwent oral glucose tolerance test during 24–28 weeks of gestation and followed up until delivery. All participants received the conventional interventions (diet and exercise), and no special therapy except routine treatment. Methods: A total of 213 pairs of GDM mothers/fetuses and 191 pairs of normal blood glucose pregnant mothers/fetuses were genotyped using PCR and DNA sequencing from January 2015 to September 2016. Maternal/fetal IRS1 gene polymorphism rs1801278 was analyzed and compared between 2 groups. Results: There were no significant differences in the frequency of individual mothers’ or fetuses’ IRS1 rs1801278 polymorphisms between 2 groups; if both the mothers and fetuses carried A allele, significantly lower GDM morbidity was observed in the mothers. Limitations: The sample size was relatively small as a single-center study. Conclusions: Our study suggested that maternal/fetal rs1801278 polymorphism of IRS1 is a modulating factor in GDM; both mothers/fetuses carrying the A allele of rs1801278 may protect the mothers against the development of GDM.

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Incidence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in the adult population of the Basque country, Spain

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82548-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Inés Urrutia ◽

◽

Alicia Martín-Nieto ◽

Rosa Martínez ◽

J Oriol Casanovas-Marsal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Basque Country ◽

Adult Population ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of ◽

Incident Cases

AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country and the risk factors involved in the disease by reassessing an adult population after 7 years of follow-up. In the previous prevalence study, 847 people older than 18 years were randomly selected from all over the Basque Country and were invited to answer a medical questionnaire, followed by a physical examination and an oral glucose tolerance test. In the reassessment, the same variables were collected and the resulting cohort comprised 517 individuals of whom 43 had diabetes at baseline. The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 4.64% in 7 years and the raw incidence rate was 6.56 cases/1000 person-years (95%CI: 4.11–9.93). Among the incident cases, 59% were undiagnosed. The most strongly associated markers by univariate analyses were age > 60 years, dyslipidaemia, prediabetes and insulin resistance. We also found association with hypertension, obesity, family history of diabetes and low education level. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex showed that a set of risk factors assessed together (dyslipidaemia, waist-to-hip-ratio and family history of diabetes) had great predictive value (AUC-ROC = 0.899, 95%CI: 0.846–0.953, p = 0.942), which suggests the need for early intervention before the onset of prediabetes.

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Breastfeeding Duration and Development of Dysglycemia in Women Who Had Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from the GUSTO Cohort Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020408 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 408

Author(s):

Sumali S. Hewage ◽

Xin Yu Hazel Koh ◽

Shu E. Soh ◽

Wei Wei Pang ◽

Doris Fok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Diabetes Risk ◽

Breastfeeding Duration ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Index Pregnancy

(1) Background: Breastfeeding has been shown to support glucose homeostasis in women after a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and is potentially effective at reducing long-term diabetes risk. (2) Methods: Data from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study were analyzed to understand the influence of breastfeeding duration on long-term dysglycemia (prediabetes and diabetes) risk in women who had GDM in the index pregnancy. GDM and dysglycemia four to seven years postpartum were determined by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A Poisson regression model with a robust error variance was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for dysglycemia four to seven years post-delivery according to groupings of the duration of any breastfeeding (<1, ≥1 to <6, and ≥6 months). (3) Results: Women who had GDM during the index pregnancy and complete breastfeeding information and OGTT four to seven years postpartum were included in this study (n = 116). Fifty-one women (44%) had postpartum dysglycemia. Unadjusted IRRs showed an inverse association between dysglycemia risk and ≥1 month to <6 months (IRR 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57, 1.43; p = 0.68) and ≥6 months (IRR 0.50; 95% CI 0.27, 0.91; p = 0.02) breastfeeding compared to <1 month of any breastfeeding. After adjusting for key confounders, the IRR for the ≥6 months group remained significant (IRR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22, 0.80; p = 0.008). (4) Conclusions: Our results suggest that any breastfeeding of six months or longer may reduce long-term dysglycemia risk in women with a history of GDM in an Asian setting. Breastfeeding has benefits for mothers beyond weight loss, particularly for those with GDM.

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