Relationship Between the Cost of 12 Light-curing Units and Their Radiant Power, Emission Spectrum, Radiant Exitance, and Beam Profile

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Soares ◽  
SSL Braga ◽  
RB Price
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Light Curing ◽  
Radiant Power ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Digital Caliper

SUMMARY Objectives: To correlate the radiant power (mW), radiant exitance (or tip irradiance in mW/cm2), emission spectrum (mW/cm2/nm), and beam irradiance profile of 12 light-curing units (LCUs) available in the Brazilian market with their market cost. Methods and Materials: Six LCUs that cost more than US$900 (Bluephase G4,VALO Grand, VALO Cordless, Radii Xpert, Elipar DeepCure-S, and Radii plus) and six low-cost LCUs costing less than US$500 (Radii Cal, Optilight Max, High Power LED 3M, Emitter D, Emitter C, and LED B) were examined. Radiant power (mW) and emission spectrum (mW/nm) were measured using an integrating sphere connected to a fiber-optic spectroradiometer. The internal tip diameter (mm) of each LCU was measured using a digital caliper and was used to calculate the average radiant exitance (mW/cm2). Irradiance profiles at the light tip were measured using a commercial laser beam profiler. The cost of each LCU in Brazil was correlated with internal tip diameter, radiant power, and tip irradiance. Results: None of the low-cost LCUs were broad spectrum multiple peak LCUs. There was no correlation between the cost of the LCUs and their averaged tip irradiance; however, there was a high positive correlation between the cost of the LCUs and the radiant power and tip diameter. The VALO Grand, Elipar DeepCure-S, VALO Cordless, and Bluephase G4 all emitted a higher radiant power. They also had a significantly greater tip diameter than other LCUs. For the LCUs with a nonuniform output, some areas of the light tip delivered less than 400 mW/cm2, while other areas delivered more than 2500 mW/cm2. Conclusions: In general, LCUs that had a higher cost (US$971-US$1800) delivered more power (mW) and had a greater tip diameter (mm), which covered more of a tooth. In general, the low-cost LCUs (US$224-US$470) emitted a lower radiant power and had a smaller tip diameter.

LOW-COST AND ROBUST POSITIONING SYSTEM FOR INDOOR GROUP OF FORKLIFTS UTILIZING PROBABILITY ESTIMATION AND SENSOR NETWORK

2008 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 163-179
Author(s):  
TSAI-LIN CHOU ◽  
NORISUKE FUJII ◽  
JUN OTA ◽  
MASAYUKI TANAKA ◽  
AKIKO SHINOZAKI
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Probability Estimation ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Estimation Algorithms ◽  
Warehouse Storage ◽  
Position Management ◽  
The Cost

A position management system for forklifts involved in a warehouse storage task is proposed. With a simple, low-cost laser beam sensor and reflective stickers, the position of the forklift can be established. Furthermore, by combining probability estimation algorithms, the possible location of forklifts can be managed, and the accuracy of positioning can be improved through the exchange of information on a sensor network. Finally, the layout, which has a better system performance, is also discussed and proposed. With this system, forklift operations are easier, and the cost of a warehouse navigation system decreases.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Light Output from 22 Contemporary Light Curing Units

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos José Soares ◽  
Monise de Paula Rodrigues ◽  
Laís Rani Sales Oliveira ◽  
Stella Sueli Lourenço Braga ◽  
Luciana Mendes Barcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Light Output ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Ocean Optics ◽  
Patient Simulator ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Second Molar ◽  
Light Curing ◽  
Radiant Power

Abstract This study measured the radiant power (mW), irradiance (mW/cm2) and emission spectra (mW/cm2/nm) of 22 new, or almost new, light curing units (LCUs): - Alt Lux II, BioLux Standard, Bluephase G2, Curing Light XL 3000, Demetron LC, DX Turbo LED 1200, EC450, EC500, Emitter C, Emitter D, KON-LUX, LED 3M ESPE, Led Lux II, Optilight Color, Optilight Max, Optilux 501, Poly Wireless, Radii cal, Radii plus, TL-01, VALO Cordless. These LCUs were either monowave or multiple peak light emitting diode (LED) units or quartz-tungsten-halogen LCUs used in anterior and posterior teeth. The radiant power emitted by the LCUs was measured by a laboratory grade laser power meter. The tip area (cm²) of the LCUs was measured and used to calculate the irradiance from the measured radiant power source. The MARC-Patient Simulator (MARC-PS) with a laboratory grade spectrometer (USB4000, Ocean Optics) was used to measure the irradiance and emission spectrum from each LCU three times at the sensor located on the facial of the maxillary central incisors and then separately at the occlusal of a maxillary second molar. The minimum acceptable irradiance level was set as 500 mW/cm2. Irradiance data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA and the radiant power data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (a=0.05). In general, the irradiance was reduced at the molar tooth for most LCUs. Only the Valo, Bluephase G2 and Radii Plus delivered an irradiance similar to the anterior and posterior sensors greater than 500 mW/cm2. KON-LUX, Altlux II, Biolux Standard, TL-01, Optilux 501, DX Turbo LED 1200 LCUs delivered lower irradiance values than the recommended one used in molar region, KON-LUX and Altlux II LCUs used at the maxillary incisors. Bluephase G2 and Optilight Max delivered the highest radiant power and KON-LUX, Altlux II and Biolux Standard delivered the lowest power. The emission spectrum from the various monowave LED LCUs varied greatly. The multi-peak LCUs delivered similar emission spectra to both sensors.

scholarly journals Low-Cost, High-Performance Fiber Optic Fabry–Perot Sensor for Ultrasonic Wave Detection

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoyong Li ◽  
Delin Li ◽  
Chaoyu Xiong ◽  
Wenrong Si ◽  
Chenzhao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Fabry Perot ◽  
High Performance Fiber ◽  
The Cost

This study describes a novel fiber optic extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric (EFPI) ultrasonic sensor comprising a low-cost and high-performance silicon diaphragm. A vibrating diaphragm, 5 μm thick, was fabricated by using the Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) processing technology on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The Fabry–Perot (FP) cavity length was solely determined during the manufacturing process of the diaphragm by defining a specific stepped hole on the handling layer of the SOI wafer, which made the assembly of the sensor easier. In addition, the use of cheap and commercially available components and MEMS processing technology in the development of the sensing system, limited the cost of the sensor. The experimental tests showed that the minimum detectable ultrasonic pressure was 1.5 mPa/sqrt(Hz) –0.625 mPa/sqrt(Hz) between 20 kHz and 40 kHz. As a result, this sensor has the potential to successfully detect weak ultrasonic signals.

A Dual-Wavelength Temperature Sensor Based on Fiber Optic Delay

2015 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Ning Yang ◽  
Qi Qiu ◽  
Jun Su
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Wavelength ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Spectrum Measurement ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, we report a dual-wavelength temperature sensor based on fiber optic delay. This temperature sensor don’t need to rely on accurate spectrum measurement, but to realize temperature measurement by detecting the variation of delay, which can efficiently reduce the cost and complexity of sensor system. In this dual-wavelength system, one wavelength of light is used as a reference and the other one is used for temperature sensing, so this design can effectively eliminate the negative influences of unstable external environment. The principle of this temperature sensor is theoretically derived, the schematic of sensor system is analyzed and the feasibility of this method is tested in the temperature range of 0°C-80°C. Results indicate that, this temperature sensor is able to achieve temperature measurement in a simple way with low cost.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINES

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
K Dadamatova ◽  
◽  
A Nazarov ◽  
N Gerasimenko
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Optical Noise ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Technical Function ◽  
Fiber Optic Communication ◽  
Optic Communication ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Communication Lines

The article presents the results of solving the problem of attenuation of an optical signal in fiber-optic communication lines. Widely used modern technical solutions of intermediate amplification-regenerative nodes of fiber-optic communication lines are described. The advantages and disadvantages of existing intermediate fiber optic amplifiers are presented. The benefits of optoelectronic signal regenerators include a full restoration of the original properties of the optical signal. The optoelectronic regenerator allows to limiting the amount of internal and external optical noise by acceptable values, but increases and increases the cost of building optical fiber connections.Optical signal amplifiers are also used to increase the range of fiberoptic communication lines. The main advantage of intermediate fiber optic amplifiers is their relatively simple design and, consequently, low cost, as well as high cost of losses and power output.The technical function of the developed fiber optic amplifier is to create a signal and power amplifier that is evenly distributed inside the fiber located in the region of the fiber containing the fluorescent additive.The characteristics, functional and structural diagrams of an optical repeater with erbium amplifiersare shown in detail. The design features of the construction and the principle of operation of the erbium amplifier are described.

Advance Protection for Three Phase Induction Motor using Microcontroller Atmega32

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Karan S Belsare ◽  
Gajanan D Patil
Keyword(s):  
Induction Motor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Cost

A low cost and reliable protection scheme has been designed for a three phase induction motor against unbalance voltages, under voltage, over voltage, short circuit and overheating protection. Taking the cost factor into consideration the design has been proposed using microcontroller Atmega32, MOSFETs, relays, small CTs and PTs. However the sensitivity of the protection scheme has been not compromised. The design has been tested online in the laboratory for small motors and the same can be implemented for larger motors by replacing the i-v converters and relays of suitable ratings.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

scholarly journals A low-cost wireless endoscope camera: a preliminary report

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lazarus ◽  
M. Ncube
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive Surgery ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Video Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Constrained Environments ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Technology currently used for surgical endoscopy was developed and is manufactured in high-income economies. The cost of this equipment makes technology transfer to resource constrained environments difficult. We aimed to design an affordable wireless endoscope to aid visualisation during rigid endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The initial prototype aimed to replicate a 4-mm lens used in rigid cystoscopy. Methods Focus was placed on using open-source resources to develop the wireless endoscope to significantly lower the cost and make the device accessible for resource-constrained settings. An off the shelf miniature single-board computer module was used because of its low cost (US$10) and its ability to handle high-definition (720p) video. Open-source Linux software made monitor mode (“hotspot”) wireless video transmission possible. A 1280 × 720 pixel high-definition tube camera was used to generate the video signal. Video is transmitted to a standard laptop computer for display. Bench testing included latency of wireless digital video transmission. Comparison to industry standard wired cameras was made including weight and cost. The battery life was also assessed. Results In comparison with industry standard cystoscope lens, wired camera, video processing unit and light source, the prototype costs substantially less. (US$ 230 vs 28 000). The prototype is light weight (184 g), has no cables tethering and has acceptable battery life (of over 2 h, using a 1200 mAh battery). The camera transmits video wirelessly in near real time with only imperceptible latency of < 200 ms. Image quality is high definition at 30 frames per second. Colour rendering is good, and white balancing is possible. Limitations include the lack of a zoom. Conclusion The novel wireless endoscope camera described here offers equivalent high-definition video at a markedly reduced cost to contemporary industry wired units and could contribute to making minimally invasive surgery possible in resource-constrained environments.

scholarly journals Multi-Blockchain-Based IoT Data Processing Techniques to Ensure the Integrity of IoT Data in AIoT Edge Computing Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3515
Author(s):  
Sung-Ho Sim ◽  
Yoon-Su Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Computing Environments ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
And Control

As the development of IoT technologies has progressed rapidly recently, most IoT data are focused on monitoring and control to process IoT data, but the cost of collecting and linking various IoT data increases, requiring the ability to proactively integrate and analyze collected IoT data so that cloud servers (data centers) can process smartly. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based IoT big data integrity verification technique to ensure the safety of the Third Party Auditor (TPA), which has a role in auditing the integrity of AIoT data. The proposed technique aims to minimize IoT information loss by multiple blockchain groupings of information and signature keys from IoT devices. The proposed technique allows IoT information to be effectively guaranteed the integrity of AIoT data by linking hash values designated as arbitrary, constant-size blocks with previous blocks in hierarchical chains. The proposed technique performs synchronization using location information between the central server and IoT devices to manage the cost of the integrity of IoT information at low cost. In order to easily control a large number of locations of IoT devices, we perform cross-distributed and blockchain linkage processing under constant rules to improve the load and throughput generated by IoT devices.

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