scholarly journals QUESTIONS OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF ACTUAL NATURAL HAZARDS OF TERRITORY OF KABARDINO — BALKARIAN REPUBLIC (FOR EXAMPLE, POOLS R. CHEGEM)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.В. Кюль
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
The Impact

В статье дается всесторонняя оценка воздействия опасных природных процессов на линейные хозяйственные объекты в бассейне реки Чегем в Кабардино-Балкарии. Степень влияния опасных процессов (снежных лавин, селей, оползней и обвалов) считается в пределах выделенных геоморфологических районов (хребты и депрессии). Для каждой из областей (3) показывается распределение по площади, в том числе в области линейных хозяйственных объектов, в пределах которых образуются сели, оползни, лавины The article gives a comprehensive assessment of the impact of dangerous natural processes in linear economic projects in a river basin Chegem in Kabardino-Balkaria. The degree of influence of the main processes snow avalanches, debris flows, landslides, collapses and landslides — is considered within the allocated geomorphological areas (ridges and depressions). For each of the areas (3) shows the distribution over the area, including in the area of linear objects of topography, within which the formation of mudflows, landslides, avalanches

Assessing the impact of mass movements on alpine trails and huts using EO data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Albrecht ◽  
Daniel Hölbling ◽  
Lorena Abad ◽  
Zahra Dabiri ◽  
Gerald Reischenböck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Mass Movement ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
User Requirements ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Infrastructure Management ◽  
Austrian Alps ◽  
The Impact

<p>The alpine infrastructure of trails and huts is an essential asset for summer tourism in the Austrian Alps. Every year, around five million people use the trail network for hiking and other mountaineering activities. Mass movements such as shallow landslides, debris flows and rockfalls cause significant damages to the alpine infrastructure and may block access to certain mountain areas for weeks or even months. Such damages require repair and increased maintenance activity or even rerouting of trails. Climate change will exacerbate the problem as more frequent and severe mass movements can be expected. Therefore, the Alpine associations have to take natural hazards into account for their trail and hut management.</p><p>A promising opportunity for assessing the impact of natural hazards on alpine infrastructure arises through the new generation of Earth observation (EO) satellites of the European Copernicus programme. The high spatial and temporal resolution allows the detection of mass movements with an impact on trails and huts.</p><p>Therefore, we initiated the project <em>MontEO</em> (<em>The impact of mass movements on alpine trails and huts assessed by EO data</em>) to investigate the opportunities for EO-based mass movement mapping and hazard impact assessment for alpine infrastructure. We start with a user requirements analysis that describes the demand for consistent and appropriate information on mass movements for alpine infrastructure management. We perform interviews with the Alpine associations and other relevant stakeholders. They help us to identify significant mass movements, their impact on the alpine infrastructure, and the actions that trail keepers and hut facility managers take to deal with the impacts. Based on this, we assess the suitability of EO-derived mass movement information for alpine infrastructure management, and define requirements for its production and delivery.</p><p>Based on the user requirements, we develop a multi-scale approach and combine optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data (e.g. Sentinel-1/2, Pléiades) to comprehensively map mass movements and to detect mass movement hotspots. Further, we integrate the EO-based mapping results with ancillary data for landslide susceptibility mapping, and for modelling and simulating rockfalls and debris flows. Finally, we analyse the network of trails and huts in relation to the obtained mass movement information and thereby assess their impact on alpine infrastructure, i.e. identify the trails and huts that are (potentially) affected by mass movements.</p><p>We demonstrate the concept and methods for three study areas in the Austrian Alps: Großarl and Kleinarl Valley in Salzburg, Karwendel in Tyrol, and the Salzkammergut in central  Austria. For these areas, we will create EO-based mass movement inventory maps, hotspot maps, and hazard impact maps. We validate our results in close collaboration with the users and analyse their usefulness for alpine infrastructure maintenance and management. The outcomes of <em>MontEO</em> will contribute to improved maintenance efficiency and will lead to a safer alpine infrastructure with an increased value for hikers, the tourism industry and the society.</p>

scholarly journals Geomorphological mapping and geophysical profiling for the evaluation of natural hazards in an alpine catchment

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Seijmonsbergen ◽  
L. W. S. de Graaff
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Sediment Traps ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Failure Plane ◽  
Gypsum Karst ◽  
Geomorphological Mapping ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Liechtenstein has faced an increasing number of natural hazards over recent decades: debris flows, slides, snow avalanches and floods repeatedly endanger the local infrastructure. Geomorphological field mapping and geo-electrical profiling was used to assess hazards near Malbun, a village potentially endangered by landslides, and especially debris flows. The area is located on the tectonic contacts of four different nappe slices. The bedrock consists of anhydrite and gypsum, dolomite, shale, marl, and limestone. The spatial distribution and occurrence of debris flows and slides is evaluated through a combination of geomorphological expert knowledge, and detailed visualization in a geographical information system. In a geo-database a symbol-based 1:3000 scale geomorphological map has been digitized and rectified into polygons. The polygons include information on the main geomorphological environment, the Quaternary material distribution and of geomorphological processes, which are stored in attribute tables. The spatial distribution of these attributes is then combined with geophysical information and displacement rates interpolated from benchmark measurements. On one of the landslides two geo-electrical profiles show that the distance to a potential failure plane varies between 10-20 m and that the topography of the failure plane is influenced by subterranean gypsum karst features. The displacement measurements show that this landslide actively disintegrates into minor slides and is not, therefore, a risk to the village of Malbun. The hazard zonation indicates that debris flows can pose a risk if no countermeasures are taken. Gypsum karst may locally accelerate the landslide activity. In contrast, the impact of debris flows is diminished because collapse dolines may act as sediment traps for the debris flow materials. This research illustrates how geomorphological expert knowledge can be integrated in a GIS for the evaluation of natural hazards on a detailed scale.

Chemical Composition and Metal Speciation in Porewaters from the Upper Qu’Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Farrell ◽  
Jae E. Yang ◽  
P. Ming Huang ◽  
Wen K. Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Equilibria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porewater samples from the upper Qu’Appelle River basin in Saskatchewan, Canada, were analyzed to obtain metal, inorganic ligand and amino add profiles. These data were used to compute the aqueous speciation of the metals in each porewater using the computer program GEOCHEM-PC. The porewaters were classified as slightly to moderately saline. Metal concentrations reflected both the geology of the drainage basin and the impact of anthropogenic activities. Whereas K and Na were present almost entirely as the free aquo ions, carbonate equilibria dominated the speciation of Ca. Mg and Mn (the predominant metal ligand species were of the type MCO3 (s). MCO30. and MHCO3+). Trace metal concentrations were generally within the ranges reported for non-polluted freshwater systems. Whereas the speciation of the trace metals Cr(III) and Co(II) was dominated by carbonate equilibria, Hg(II)-, Zn(II)- and Fe(II)-speciation was dominated by hydroxy-metal complexes of the type M(OH)+ and M(OH)2°. The speciation of Fe(III) was dominated by Fe(OH)3 (s). In porewaters with high chloride concentrations (> 2 mM), however, significant amounts of Hg(II) were bound as HgCl20 and HgClOH0. The aqueous speciation of Al was dominated by Al(OH)4− and Al2Si2O4(OH)6 (s). Total concentrations of dissolved free amino acids varied from 15.21 to 25.17 umole L−1. The most important metal scavenging amino acids were histidine (due to high stability constants for the metal-histidine complexes) and tryptophan (due to its relatively high concentration in the porewaters. i.e., 5.96 to 7.73 umole L−1). Secondary concentrations of various trace metal-amino add complexes were computed for all the porewaters, but metal-amino acid complexes dominated the speciation of Cu(II) in all the porewaters and Ni(II) in two of the porewaters.

River-Basin Planning for Control of Nitrate Pollution

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
C S Sinnott ◽  
D G Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Optimal Mix ◽  
Regional Basis ◽  
The Impact

The combination of increasing nitrate concentrations in the River Thames and the recent EEC Directive on the acceptable level in potable water is posing a potential problem. In assessing the impact of nitrates on water-resource systems, extensive use has been made of time-series analysis and simulation. These techniques are being used to define the optimal mix of alternatives for overcoming the problem on a regional basis.

scholarly journals Seasonal Rainfall Forecasts for the Yangtze River Basin in the Extreme Summer of 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. Bett ◽  
Gill M. Martin ◽  
Nick Dunstone ◽  
Adam A. Scaife ◽  
Hazel E. Thornton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Seasonal Forecasts ◽  
June July ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSeasonal forecasts for Yangtze River basin rainfall in June, May–June–July (MJJ), and June–July–August (JJA) 2020 are presented, based on the Met Office GloSea5 system. The three-month forecasts are based on dynamical predictions of an East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) index, which is transformed into regional-mean rainfall through linear regression. The June rainfall forecasts for the middle/lower Yangtze River basin are based on linear regression of precipitation. The forecasts verify well in terms of giving strong, consistent predictions of above-average rainfall at lead times of at least three months. However, the Yangtze region was subject to exceptionally heavy rainfall throughout the summer period, leading to observed values that lie outside the 95% prediction intervals of the three-month forecasts. The forecasts presented here are consistent with other studies of the 2020 EASM rainfall, whereby the enhanced mei-yu front in early summer is skillfully forecast, but the impact of midlatitude drivers enhancing the rainfall in later summer is not captured. This case study demonstrates both the utility of probabilistic seasonal forecasts for the Yangtze region and the potential limitations in anticipating complex extreme events driven by a combination of coincident factors.

scholarly journals Application of SWAT in Hydrological Simulation of Complex Mountainous River Basin (Part II: Climate Change Impact Assessment)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1548
Author(s):  
Suresh Marahatta ◽  
Deepak Aryal ◽  
Laxmi Prasad Devkota ◽  
Utsav Bhattarai ◽  
Dibesh Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mountainous River

This study aims at analysing the impact of climate change (CC) on the river hydrology of a complex mountainous river basin—the Budhigandaki River Basin (BRB)—using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model that was calibrated and validated in Part I of this research. A relatively new approach of selecting global climate models (GCMs) for each of the two selected RCPs, 4.5 (stabilization scenario) and 8.5 (high emission scenario), representing four extreme cases (warm-wet, cold-wet, warm-dry, and cold-dry conditions), was applied. Future climate data was bias corrected using a quantile mapping method. The bias-corrected GCM data were forced into the SWAT model one at a time to simulate the future flows of BRB for three 30-year time windows: Immediate Future (2021–2050), Mid Future (2046–2075), and Far Future (2070–2099). The projected flows were compared with the corresponding monthly, seasonal, annual, and fractional differences of extreme flows of the simulated baseline period (1983–2012). The results showed that future long-term average annual flows are expected to increase in all climatic conditions for both RCPs compared to the baseline. The range of predicted changes in future monthly, seasonal, and annual flows shows high uncertainty. The comparative frequency analysis of the annual one-day-maximum and -minimum flows shows increased high flows and decreased low flows in the future. These results imply the necessity for design modifications in hydraulic structures as well as the preference of storage over run-of-river water resources development projects in the study basin from the perspective of climate resilience.

scholarly journals Vegetation Dynamic Assessment by NDVI and Field Observations for Sustainability of China’s Wulagai River Basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2528
Author(s):  
Panpan Chen ◽  
Huamin Liu ◽  
Zongming Wang ◽  
Dehua Mao ◽  
Cunzhu Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Vegetation Dynamic ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
The Impact

Accurate monitoring of grassland vegetation dynamics is essential for ecosystem restoration and the implementation of integrated management policies. A lack of information on vegetation changes in the Wulagai River Basin restricts regional development. Therefore, in this study, we integrated remote sensing, meteorological, and field plant community survey data in order to characterize vegetation and ecosystem changes from 1997 to 2018. The residual trend (RESTREND) method was utilized to detect vegetation changes caused by human factors, as well as to evaluate the impact of the management of pastures. Our results reveal that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of each examined ecosystem type showed an increasing trend, in which anthropogenic impact was the primary driving force of vegetation change. Our field survey confirmed that the meadow steppe ecosystem increased in species diversity and aboveground biomass; however, the typical steppe and riparian wet meadow ecosystems experienced species diversity and biomass degradation, therefore suggesting that an increase in NDVI may not directly reflect ecosystem improvement. Selecting an optimal indicator or indicator system is necessary in order to formulate reasonable grassland management policies for increasing the sustainability of grassland ecosystems.

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