scholarly journals Wear Comparison of a Plain Toothbrush versus Eleven Commercial Toothbrushes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Fansiwala BS
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manual Toothbrush ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale ◽  
Wear Index

Objective: To compare the wear of the Sound Feelings SOFT Plain Toothbrush 47 tuft (flat bristles) versus eleven manual toothbrushes. Methods: Twelve brand-new manual toothbrushes (n = 35 in each group) were used for comparison. Each toothbrush was run on a toothbrushing simulator with a brushing force of 2N for approximately 2 hours to simulate 1 month of toothbrushing (9,333 strokes @ 45° lingual of posterior teeth, 9,333 strokes on the top surface, and 9,333 strokes @ 45° buccal of posterior teeth), using the Bass technique on a quadrant typodont. Wear was measured by wear index and wear rating. The Wear index measures the degree of bristle splaying whereby the bristles spread apart and take on a permanent curvature. Wear rating is a subjective rating scale consisting of a series of four numbers increasing from zero to three. The Olympus SZX16 microscope was used to measure the wear rating then was inputted into a formula and averaged. The subjective wear seen as bristle splay/ curling was also measured and recorded. Comparison of the wear index and wear rating between each manual toothbrush was conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Wear index and wear rating for all toothbrushes ranged from 0.03 to 0.34 and from 0.57 to 2.06, respectively. There was a significant difference in the wear index between each toothbrush and the Sound Feelings SOFT Plain toothbrush. The difference in the wear rating was significant between the Sound Feelings SOFT Plain toothbrush and all other toothbrushes other than the Reach Advanced Design Soft toothbrush. Conclusion: The Sound Feelings SOFT Plain Toothbrush had the lowest wear rating and index among all the manual toothbrushes tested.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of the Use of Manual and Electric Toothbrushes and the Effect of Educational Brushing Teeth with Video Animation on OHI-S Children with Down syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Alivy Aulia Az Zahra ◽  
Natasha Winona Audrey ◽  
Devalna Siwi Ichyana ◽  
Tania Saskianti ◽  
Seno Pradopo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Tooth Brushing ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Manual Toothbrush ◽  
Electric Toothbrush ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Purpose

Background: Down Syndrome children have better ability in capturing instructions visually. The audio-visual learning method can be applied to Down Syndrome children. Electric toothbrushes were made to make it easier for them to brush their teeth, besides those electric toothbrushes have a handle that is comfortable to hold and control. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of electric and manual toothbrushes on Down Syndrome children OHI-S scores and determine the effect of education on tooth brushing with animated videos on Down Syndrome children OHI-S scores. Methods: Subjects of the study were 34 Down Syndrome children aged 6-19 years in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. OHI-S scores were recorded before and after the subjects were educated to brush their teeth with animated videos or dental phantoms. OHI-S scores were also recorded before and after the subjects brushed their teeth using manual toothbrushes or electric toothbrushes. Results: The test results Independent T-test (p> 0.05) showed there was no significant difference between tooth brushing using a manual toothbrush and an electric toothbrush to the decline of OHI-S score of Down Syndrome children. The results of the Mann-Whitney statistical test were p> 0.05, that there was no significant difference in the reduction in OHI-S scores between Down Syndrome children who were educated with animated videos and dental phantoms. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between manual toothbrushes and electric toothbrushes and there was no significant influence of Down Syndrome OHI-S children who were educated with animated videos or dental phantoms.

scholarly journals PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi L) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK SEDIAAN SALEP DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BASIS PEG 4000 dan PEG 400

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Tri Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ointment Formulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Way Anova

ABSTRAK Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) memiliki kandungan tanin dan flavonoid. Kandungan Flavonoid dan Tanin yang terdapat dalam belimbing wuluh mampu memberikan efek untuk menyembuhkan kulit yang mengalami kerusakan jaringan sel akibat luka bakar. Ada beberapa cara untuk pemanfaatan Daun Belimbing Wuluh antara lain dengan dibuat dalam sediaan salep. Pada penelitian ini salep dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh sebesar 10%, 15%, dan 20%  mengguankan basis PEG 4000 dan PEG 400. Ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh diperoleh menggunakan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan etanol 70% sebagai pelarutnya. Salep yang sudah dibuat kemudian dilakukan uji karakteristik meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, daya lekat dan uji daya sebar. Hasil uji organoleptis dan homogenitas di analisa secara deskrisptif kemudian hasil uji daya lekat dan uji daya sebar di analisa dengan menggunakan analisa statistik one-way ANOVA.  Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa salep berbentuk semipadat dengan warna hijau muda sampai hijau kehitaman. Hasil uji homogenitas di dapatkan untuk ketiga formula adalah homogen. Nilai daya sebar pada ketiga formula menunjukan perbedaan yang signifikan, pada hasil uji daya lekat dan pH didapatkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap ketiga formulasi. Dengan demikian perbedaan konsentrasi zat aktif yang digunakan berpengaruh terhadap daya sebar sediaan salep ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh. Kata kunci: Averrhoa bilimbi L; Salep; PEG   ABSTRACT Carambola leaf Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) contains tannins and flavonoids. The content of flavonoids and tannins contained in starfruit able to give effect to heal skin damaged cell tissue from burns. There were several ways for  utilization  of  Averrhoa  bilimbi  L.  among  others,  made  some  preparations, especially ointment formulation. This study aims to formulate leaf extract ointment preparation starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L) with various concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% using the PEG 4000 and PEG 400 as a base. Leaf extract obtained from meserasi leaf Averrhoa bilimbi  L  with  70%  ethanol. The ointment that has been made is then subjected to characteristic tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, adhesion and spreadability tests. The results of the organoleptic test and homogeneity were analyzed descriptively, then the results of the adhesion test and the spreadability test were analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistical analysis. The results showed that the ointment was semisolid, light green to blackish green. The homogeneity test results obtained for the three formulas are homogeneous. The value of the spreadability of the three formulas showed a significant difference, the results of the adhesion and pH test showed no significant difference between the three formulations. Thus the difference in the concentration of the active substance used affects the spreadability of the starfruit leaf extract ointment. Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi L; ointment; PEG

scholarly journals Assessment of Educational Game Materials and Poster Practices with Rubrics by Expert Educators and Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Figen Altay ◽  
Kevser Bozkurt
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Educational Games ◽  
Educational Game ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scoring Rubrics ◽  
Sample Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Poster Presentations

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between evaluations of the educational game materials and poster practices by students’ own peers and by expert educators using the rubrics created by expert educators and students together. Study included 10 students and 3 educators attended educational game materials course. Students were informed about basic skills of movement, game, game types, game equipment, analytical rubric, and educational game lectures were given to the students for 6 weeks and 80 minutes each week. 12-question knowledge test was used regarding educational games, analytical scoring rubrics, developing game materials and preparing posters. Materials and posters presented in the course were recorded. Evaluation scales were selected by students and expert teachers. Selected peers and educators evaluated 25 videos. One-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were used for the reliability and repeatability measurements of the students and teachers. R values of 0.96-0.92 were found between students and 0.78-0.86 between educators. For knowledge tests of the groups, according to Wilcoxon paired two-sample test, there was a significant difference in test results (p<.05). The t test was used in the results of the student and educator video evaluations and there was no significant difference between the scores given by the expert educators and the students to the material and poster presentations (p>.05). In conclusion, this study showed that students could make evaluations as good as expert educators when given an answer key such as a scoring rubric that will help them in the evaluation.

scholarly journals Sleeve Gastrectomy vs. Fundus Resection in Bariatric Surgery (Animal Study)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alimohammad Bananzadeh ◽  
Seyed Vahid Hosseini ◽  
Hajar Khazraei ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Lashkarizadeh ◽  
Leila Ghahramani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

Background: Bariatric surgery has resulted in body weight loss, which claimed by surgery removal specific parts of the stomach with enzyme or sleeve gastrectomy. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine weight loss and endocrine changes by 12-week fundus resection and sleeve gastrectomy in rabbits. Methods: Twenty-one rabbits, weighing 2.5 - 3.5 kg, were divided into three groups (n = 7): sleeve gastrectomy, experimental fundus resection, and sham group. The weight of rabbits and total ghrelin and leptin levels in the plasma before and after surgery were measured in 12 weeks. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Walis test for comparison of the means between the groups, and the difference after months in one group was assayed by Friedman test. Results: The results showed sleeve gastrectomy had a significant weight loss after one month when compared to fundus resection and sham-operated controls (P = 0.008). There was no significant difference in the ghrelin levels after these surgeries, but leptin levels decreased significantly after the fundectomy (P = 0.025). Conclusions: Sleeve gastrectomy is more efficient than the fundus resection in weight loss. It could be suggested as a new option in metabolic disorders due to the high level of leptin.

scholarly journals Assessing Vascularization Response of Three Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars to Soil Type, Nutrient Stress, and Water Stress

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas C. Sanders ◽  
Jennifer D. Cure ◽  
Pamela M. Deyton ◽  
Randolph G. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Nutrient Stress ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale

Amount of vascular development (veininess) is an important quality factor for processing wholepack tomatoes. The influences of nutrient and soil moisture stress on the amount of vascular development in `Chico III', `Dorchester', and `Roma' tomato fruit were studied. Fruit subjected to nutrient stress showed the highest amount of veininess. Fruit exposed to moisture stress after initial fruit set did not differ from controls in amount of veininess. Amount of vascularization did not differ among cultivars. A method for quantifying veininess was developed and compared with a traditional subjective rating scale. There was a high correlation (r2 = 0.77) between the subjective rating and quantitative measurement of veininess.

Clinical and Electrooculographical Finding in Patient with Essential Tremor

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cenikli U ◽  
◽  
Bir LS ◽  
Degirmenci E ◽  
Ardıç FN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Tremor ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Correlation Analyses ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ocular Movement ◽  
And Control

Background: Essential Tremor (ET) is the most common movement disorder, yet the location of the primary disease substrate continues to be a matter of debate. In this study, we aimed to evaluate ocular movement abnormalities with Electrooculography (EOG) in patients with ET to find a possible location of disease pathology. Methods: Electrooculographic evaluation including saccade, tracking, optokinetic, gaze and positional tests were performed to 36 ET patients and 36 healthy subjects. Patient age on the onset of the tremor, duration of the disease, characteristics and the location of the tremor were also investigated. Fahn- Tolosa-Marin tremor rating scale was used to determine the tremor severity. Differences of abnormal test results between patient and control groups were analysed with Pearson’s and Fisher’s Exact and correlation analyses of EOG tests and clinical data were performed with Spearman’s and Pearson’s correlation tests. Results: There was not any significant difference in EOG tests between the ET patients and controls. Significant correlation was only found between EOG abnormality and patient age in correlation analyses. Conclusions: Our results showed that ET patients may not have specific EOG test abnormalities. These tests would be used especially in the different diagnosis of other movement disorders.

Measuring Cognitive Load

2007 ◽  
pp. 188-194
Author(s):  
N. Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Web

Cognitive load theory describes learning in terms of a processing system when all too often working memory is overloaded and learning is impeded. Measuring cognitive load is an important component of research in the area of information processing. The design, delivery, and administration of an instrument, as well as its reliability and validity are discussed as a solution to the measurement of cognitive load. A nine-point subjective rating scale ranging from very, very low (1) to very, very high (9) measures cognitive load, defined as the mental effort needed to complete a task. It is a replica of the instrument used by Paas (1992) and Paas and van Merriënboer (1994). The measurement instrument can be used both on paper and on the Web.

scholarly journals Subjective rating scale for discourse

Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. e14041 ◽  
Author(s):  
JungWan Kim ◽  
Jihye Shim ◽  
Ji Hye Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Subjective Rating Scale

Critical Bandwidth and Sensitivity Prediction in the Acoustic Stapedial Reflex

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Schwartz ◽  
Jay W. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Severe Hearing Loss ◽  
Critical Bandwidth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stapedial Reflex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Critical bandwidth measurements and sensitivity prediction from the acoustic reflex (SPAR) test results were obtained on 20 normal-hearing and two groups of 10 hearing-impaired subjects each representing mild-to-moderate and severe hearing loss. Results of critical bandwidth measurements indicated that for center frequencies of 1000 and 2000 Hz the critical bandwidth was significantly greater for the hearing-impaired subjects. A statistical analysis of the difference in critical bandwidth between those predicted by the SPAR test to have a mild-to-moderate hearing loss and those subjects for whom the test predicted severe hearing loss indicated no differences in critical bandwidth at 2000 Hz. A significant difference was found at 1000 Hz but in the wrong direction. Analysis of the relationship between predicted slope of hearing loss and critical bandwidth also failed to show significance. Although the data for hearing-impaired subjects fail to support the rationale for the SPAR test, the results for the entire research sample offer substantial support. Further, the ability of the test to predict categorically degree of hearing loss was also strongly supported.

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