scholarly journals An Investigation into the use of Health Services in Wales by those who Self–report Disability using Linked Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aideen Ahern ◽  
Melanie Jones
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Linked Data ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Patient Pathways ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT ObjectivesDisability is strongly related to employment disadvantage (Berthoud, 2008). There is a scarcity of disability research within labour economics, therefore this project will add to the evidence gap by examining existing survey data linked to medical data. As part of a wider empirical investigation into the influence of disability on economic outcomes using survey data, we examine the additional value of linked data. This analysis of linked data is aimed to form an initial exploratory project to identify the potential benefits and limitations of data linking in this context. The work aligns closely with the WG Programme to Maximise the Use of Existing Data which seeks to explore how the Welsh Government can potentially use linked data to improve the evidence base for policymaking. The findings will feed into the evidence base relating to the Programme for Government. This project hopes to increase the understanding of the relationships between disability and employment, to further inform policy makers and to create awareness among researchers of the benefits of using linked data. ApproachThe project will involve examining the different patient pathways for those who self-report disability in the National Survey for Wales (NSW) 2012-15. The proposal therefore involves linking data (using SAIL)at the individual level from administrative data including records from the Welsh Demographic Service, GP event data, Patient Episode Database for Wales and A&E data to individual level responses in the NSW. The aim of this project is to examine differences in objective health indicators, such as number of GP activity between those who currently self-report disability (limiting long-standing illness), and those who do not. In addition, we will explore the effects that disability status has on employment status within Wales. While social and economic disadvantage associated with disability is frequently identified using self-reported information on disability in survey data, far less is known within social science about the medical history/conditions of these individuals. It will also be possible to control for/examine the interaction with a range of other demographic characteristics (age, gender etc) which are available in the NSW. ResultsIndividuals in Wales who self-report disability use primary and secondary health services more so than non-disabled individuals. ConclusionThis work has the potential to contribute significantly to the Employment, Education and Wellbeing Work package (RP2) of the ADRC-W.

Indices and Correlates of Positive Emotion in Psychopathology

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Sunny J. Dutra ◽  
Marianne Reddan ◽  
John R. Purcell ◽  
Hillary C. Devlin ◽  
Keith M. Welker
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Behavioral Coding ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clinical Populations

This chapter not only draws from previous authoritative measurement overviews in the general field of emotion, but also advances these resources in several key ways. First, it provides a specific focus on positive valence systems, which have not yet received specific methodological attention. Second, the field of positive emotion (PE) has expanded in recent years with new and innovative methods, making an updated review of methodological tools timely. Third, the chapter incorporates discussion of PE disturbance in clinical populations and the methods best suited to capture PE dysfunctions. This chapter also outlines some tools that can allow researchers to capture a broad array of PE quantified by self-report, behavioral coding, and biological correlates as seen through changes in the central and peripheral nervous system (i.e., brain and body). After reviewing PE measurement methods and correlates, this chapter includes several methods for studying PE beyond the individual level (i.e., interpersonal) and traditional laboratory settings (i.e., ambulatory or experience sampling). It provides key examples of their applications to study PE in clinical populations while acknowledging several of their basic advantages and disadvantages.

Missing Data in Research on Youth and Family Programs

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110268
Author(s):  
Jaime Ballard ◽  
Adeya Richmond ◽  
Suzanne van den Hoogenhof ◽  
Lynne Borden ◽  
Daniel Francis Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Multilevel Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Individual

Background Multilevel data can be missing at the individual level or at a nested level, such as family, classroom, or program site. Increased knowledge of higher-level missing data is necessary to develop evaluation design and statistical methods to address it. Methods Participants included 9,514 individuals participating in 47 youth and family programs nationwide who completed multiple self-report measures before and after program participation. Data were marked as missing or not missing at the item, scale, and wave levels for both individuals and program sites. Results Site-level missing data represented a substantial portion of missing data, ranging from 0–46% of missing data at pre-test and 35–71% of missing data at post-test. Youth were the most likely to be missing data, although site-level data did not differ by the age of participants served. In this dataset youth had the most surveys to complete, so their missing data could be due to survey fatigue. Conclusions Much of the missing data for individuals can be explained by the site not administering those questions or scales. These results suggest a need for statistical methods that account for site-level missing data, and for research design methods to reduce the prevalence of site-level missing data or reduce its impact. Researchers can generate buy-in with sites during the community collaboration stage, assessing problematic items for revision or removal and need for ongoing site support, particularly at post-test. We recommend that researchers conducting multilevel data report the amount and mechanism of missing data at each level.

scholarly journals Welsh Government Flying Start Programme Evaluation Using Linked Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lowe ◽  
Laura McGinn ◽  
Marcos Quintela ◽  
Luke Player ◽  
Karen Tingay
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Parenting Support ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Families With Children

BackgroundFlying Start (FS) is the Welsh Government’s (WG) flagship Early Years programme for families with children aged less than 4 years of age. Running since 2006, the four entitlements are: Free part-time childcare for 2-3 year olds Enhanced Health Visiting Parenting support Speech, language, and communication support ObjectivesCurrently, while we know which areas in Wales are receiving FS support, individual-level data on which child received what entitlements is not available. Area-level outcomes can be used as proxy indicators but the individual impact of receiving FS support cannot be examined.The project aims to evaluate FS by linking the FS cohort to a range of outcomes including health, education and social care. MethodsA Dataflow Development Project (DDP) has been launched to install SAIL (Secure Anonymised Information Linkage) appliances into 6 pilot Local Authorities in Wales which will test acquiring and linking the individual level FS data from pilot Local Authorities with other datasets in SAIL. FindingsThe project will report some emerging findings from the analysis of pilot data. ImplicationsThere is a growing interest in using linked administrative data to evaluate government initiatives, and mounting enthusiasm in Local Government. If successful, this model is likely to be adopted by related WG programmes; improving the evidence base, facilitating effective evaluation, and adding to the data available for re-use in Wales.

scholarly journals Differences in Sickness Allowance Receipt between Swedish Speakers and Finnish Speakers in Finland

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaarina S. Reini ◽  
Jan Saarela
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Health Measure ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual

Previous research has documented lower disability retirement and mortality rates of Swedish speakers as compared with Finnish speakers in Finland. This paper is the first to compare the two language groups with regard to the receipt of sickness allowance, which is an objective health measure that reflects a less severe poor health condition. Register-based data covering the years 1988-2011 are used. We estimate logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to account for repeated observations at the individual level. We find that Swedish-speaking men have approximately 30 percent lower odds of receiving sickness allowance than Finnish-speaking men, whereas the difference in women is about 15 percent. In correspondence with previous research on all-cause mortality at working ages, we find no language-group difference in sickness allowance receipt in the socially most successful subgroup of the population.

Taking Levels of Analysis in Humor more Seriously: Comment on Romero and Arendt

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Sosik
Keyword(s):  
Operational Definition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Team Cooperation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Humor is a phenomenon that can simultaneously coexist at the individual, dyadic, and group levels, making its measurement and conceptualization complex. In a recent field study, Romero and Arendt (2011) examined relationships between four humor styles (i.e., affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, self-defeating) and four outcomes (i.e., stress, satisfaction with co-workers, team cooperation, organizational commitment), however, the latter was apparently measured as a self-report at the individual level of analysis. Their interesting results indicated different humor styles can have either positive or negative effects on these outcome variables. However, if their operational definition—and hence their conceptualization—of humor is based on self-report by the initiator, it may be problematic to use it at the dyadic and group levels because it potentially mixes levels of analysis and may cause misalignment between data and theory. Cautions and implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Welsh Government Flying Start Programme Evaluation Using Linked Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lowe ◽  
Laura McGuinn ◽  
Marcos Quintela ◽  
Luke Player
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Project ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Parenting Support ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Pilot Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Individual

IntroductionFlying Start (FS) is the Welsh Government’s (WG) flagship Early Years programme for families with children aged less than 4 years of age. Running since 2006, the four entitlements are: Free part-time childcare for 2-3 year olds Enhanced Health Visiting Parenting support Speech, language, and communication support Objectives and ApproachCurrently, while we know which areas in Wales are receiving FS support, individual-level data on which child received what entitlements is not available. This means that area-level outcomes can be used as proxy indicators but the individual impact of receiving FS support cannot be examined. This project describes the issues around collecting individual-level data in deprived Welsh regions, a pilot project to facilitate this collection and will report some emerging findings from the analysis of pilot data. ResultsFollowing from previous studies funded by the ESRC and WG (e.g. Supporting People Data Linking Feasibility Study), a Dataflow Development Project (DDP) has been launched to install Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) appliances into 6 pilot Local Authorities in Wales. The SAIL appliance technology will provide Local Authorities with the ability to link individual-level data within a Local Authority or between Local Authorities and to securely anonymise data into the SAIL Databank or ADRC-W. The DDP will test acquiring the individual level FS data from pilot Local Authorities into SAIL. The project aims to evaluate FS by linking the FS cohort to a range of outcomes including health, education and social care. We will report emerging findings from the analysis of pilot data. Conclusion/ImplicationsThere is grow interest in using linked administrative data to evaluate government initiatives, and mounting enthusiasm in Local Government. If successful, this model is likely to be adopted by related WG programmes; improving the evidence base, facilitating effective evaluation, and adding to the data available for re-use in Wales.

Social Control Theory: The Legacy of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Costello ◽  
John H. Laub
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Social Control Theory ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Crime And Delinquency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Research ◽  
Lasting Influence

The publication of Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency in 1969 was a watershed moment in criminology. There are many reasons for the work's lasting influence. Hirschi carefully examined the underlying assumptions of extant theories of crime in light of what was known about the individual-level correlates of offending. He then developed critical tests of hypotheses derived from social control theory and competing perspectives and empirically assessed them using original self-report delinquency data. Many of his key findings, such as the negative correlation between attachment to parents and delinquency, are now established facts that any explanation of crime must consider. Causes of Delinquency is still cited hundreds of times per year, and it continues to spark new research and theoretical development in the field. Perhaps the most lasting legacy is the volume of criticism it has attracted and fended off, leading to its enduring contribution to the study of crime and delinquency.

scholarly journals How to Use Item Desirability Ratings in Constructing Forced-Choice Tests

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Pavlov ◽  
Dexin Shi
Keyword(s):  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Applicant Faking ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
The Individual

The forced-choice response format has been proposed as a method for preventing applicant faking on self-report non-cognitive measures. This potential benefit of the format depends on how closely the items comprising each forced-choice block are matched in terms of desirability for the job. Current desirability matching procedures rely on differences in items’ mean desirability ratings to quantify similarity in items’ desirability. We argue that relying on means, while ignoring individual differences in desirability ratings, may yield inaccurate similarity values and result in inferior item matches. As an alternative, we propose a distance-based measure that considers differences in desirability ratings at the individual level and may thus yield accurate similarity values and optimal matches. We support our arguments on a set of desirability ratings obtained with an explicit instruction to rate desirability of items.

Implications of Observability for the Theory and Measurement of Emergent Team Phenomena

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 1398-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Carter ◽  
Dorothy R. Carter ◽  
Leslie A. DeChurch
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Team Interaction ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Emergent Phenomena ◽  
Team Success ◽  
Team Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Measurement Approach

Many of the most pivotal mechanisms of team success are emergent phenomena—constructs with conceptual origins at the individual level that coalesce over time through members’ interactions to characterize a team as a whole. Typically, empirical research on teams represents emergent mechanisms as the aggregate of members’ self-report perceptions of the team. This dominant approach assumes members have developed a perception of the emergent property and are able to respond accurately to survey items. Yet emergent phenomena require sufficient time and team interaction before coalescing as perceptible team properties. Attempting to measure an emergent property before it is perceptible can result in inaccurate assessments and substantive conclusions. Therefore, a key purpose of this study is to develop a better understanding of the underlying characteristics of emergent team phenomena that give rise to their emergence as perceptible and, thus, accurately measurable team characteristics. We advance a conceptual framework that classifies emergent team properties on the basis of the degree to which the construct manifests in overtly observable behaviors, positing that more observable emergent team phenomena require less interaction before emerging as ratable team properties compared to constructs that are less easily observed. Leveraging advances in measurement modeling, we test our conceptual framework in a laboratory sample and a quasi–field study sample, demonstrating a multilevel measurement approach that evaluates the emergence of shared team properties across measurement occasions. Results suggest the observability of emergent team properties is a crucial determinant of the relative speed at which constructs emerge as recognizable, ratable properties of the team.

Externalizing Behavior and Psychopathy: A Social Relations Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Marcus ◽  
Samantha L. Robinson ◽  
Alexander E. Eichenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Academic Dishonesty ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Report Measure

Most conceptualizations of psychopathy emphasize its interpersonal consequences, yet most research on psychopathy has been conducted at the individual level. In small groups, well-acquainted members of sororities and fraternities (N = 111) rated one another and themselves on a variety of externalizing behaviors (e.g., cheating, risky sex), and completed a self-report measure of psychopathy. There was consensus about the extent to which members of the groups engaged in these behaviors. The associations between these target effects and respondents' self-reports suggest that these consensual judgments were reasonably accurate. Individuals who reported higher levels of psychopathic personality traits were seen as more likely to engage in externalizing behaviors, with self-centered impulsivity most strongly associated with these behaviors. Although fearless dominance was unrelated to self-reported externalizing behaviors, it was related to peers' ratings of marijuana use, academic dishonesty, and future legal troubles, suggesting that individuals high in fearless dominance may underreport their problem behaviors.

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