scholarly journals Health Inequalities in British Nurses using Census derived databases linked to an adjusted UK Index of Multiple Deprivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Ball ◽  
Richard Kyle ◽  
Iain Atherton ◽  
Nadine Dougall
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
Multiple Deprivation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation ◽  
Cross National

IntroductionScottish health outcomes are worse than in England and Wales. This variation remains after controlling for deprivation, which explains less excess mortality now than previously. Alternative cross-national deprivation measures have limitations which may explain some of this trend. Recent policy interventions to reduce inequalities have not been effective. Objectives and ApproachThis study aims to test a recently developed measure of area deprivation, the UK adjusted Index of Multiple Deprivation which has been linked to National Census derived Longitudinal Studies in England, Wales and Scotland. This adjusted measure is consistent across UK countries and addresses some limitations of previously utilised area measures of deprivation. This study also aims to test whether characteristics of Nurses are protective against inequalities in health. This study will test whether Nurses are more socio-economically homogenous and whether higher health literacy is protective against the social gradient in health outcomes. Results(1) Comparing Nurses to Non-Nurses in Scotland we found that they have systematically different demographic characteristics. Nurses are; older on average, more likely to be female, more likely to own their home, more likely to live in less deprived areas and they report better self-rated health. (1a) Correlation tests will examine the strength of relationship between health and Deprivation quintile for these groups. (2) Comparing Self-Rated Health of Scottish Nurses with English and Welsh Nurses will determine whether any ‘excess’ in worse health outcomes exists and (2a) if an excess does exist, whether the UK consistent deprivation measure can account for this. Analysis is currently ongoing and will be completed, with full results cleared for dissemination through disclosure control, prior to conference. Conclusion/ImplicationsThis study implements methods which provide a basis for cross-national comparison of inequalities using individual-level data and a consistent measure of area deprivation. Results from this study may also permit recommendations to improve the effectiveness of policy aimed at improving population health and reducing socio-economic inequalities in health.

scholarly journals Health Inequalities in the British Nursing Workforce

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ball ◽  
Richard Kyle ◽  
Iain Atherton ◽  
Nadine Dougall
Keyword(s):  
Good Health ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Inequalities In Health ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Geographical Inequalities ◽  
The Uk ◽  
National Analysis

BackgroundAverage health in the UK is improving, yet geographical inequalities in health persist. The relative difference between the least and most deprived is also growing. Recent policy interventions to reduce these inequalities have not been effective. MethodsThis work compares Self-Rated Health using the ONS LS and SLS linked to an adjusted UK-consistent small-area Deprivation measure. This study aims to compare Nurses to the general population to assess whether they also exhibit a social gradient in health. Using a single occupational group adjusts for potential confounders and tests whether characteristics of Nurses, such a good health literacy, degree education and above average income, are protective against inequalities. ResultsIn Scotland, Nurses are more likely to be older, female, homeowners who live in less deprived areas with better Self-Rated Health than Non-Nurses. We will test whether the social gradient in health is observed for this occupational group.Forthcoming results from cross-national analysis will be presented at conference following disclosure checks. ConclusionThe relationship between area deprivation and health may remain even in relatively privileged groups. Results from this study may inform recommendations to improve the effectiveness of policy aimed at improving population health and reducing socio-economic inequalities in health

scholarly journals Self-Rated Health Inequalities in British Nurses

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Ball ◽  
Iain Atherton ◽  
Richard Kyle
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Occupational Group ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Deprivation Measure ◽  
Cross National ◽  
Deprived Areas

IntroductionImprovements in health in the UK are beginning to stall. Differences between the health of people living in the most and least deprived areas continue to grow. An excess in mortality, not explained by deprivation, has been observed in Scotland. Some of this difference likely results from limitations in deprivation measures. Objectives and ApproachWe seek to test whether Nurses experience health inequalities in Self-Rated Health comparable with the general population. We also aim to explore cross-national differences within the Nursing occupational group. We utilise data from Census-derived Longitudinal Studies in Scotland and England & Wales which are linked to an adjusted UK-consistent Multiple Deprivation measure. The databases can only be accessed securely, so an innovative method (eDatashield) has been used to conduct analysis as if the two were combined. Nurses are of interest as they are a large occupational group with potentially protective characteristics against inequalities including high health literacy and level of education. Socioeconomic homogeneity in this group may reduce the effect of confounding when exploring area-based deprivation measures. ResultsComparing Nurses to Non-Nurses we found they have systematically different and more homogenous characteristics. Nurses are; older, have a higher level of education, are more likely to be female, own their home, are less likely to live in deprived areas and they report better Self-Rated Health. However, inequalities persist. Comparing Self-Rated Health of Scottish with English & Welsh Nurses will determine whether an ‘excess’ in worse health outcomes exists and if so, whether the UK- consistent Deprivation Measure can account for this. Full results will be cleared for dissemination through disclosure control, prior to the conference. Conclusion / ImplicationsEven in a privileged group with characteristics which protect against poor health, inequalities remain. The methods applied here present an opportunity for improved cross-national comparison and address limitations in confounding when exploring inequalities based on area deprivation.

scholarly journals Do alternative weighting approaches for an Index of Multiple Deprivation change the association with mortality? A sensitivity analysis from Germany

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e028553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schederecker ◽  
Christoph Kurz ◽  
Jon Fairburn ◽  
Werner Maier
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Multiple Deprivation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Weighting Procedures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the impact of using different weighting procedures for the German Index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD) investigating their link to mortality rates.Design and settingIn addition to the original (normative) weighting of the GIMD domains, four alternative weighting approaches were applied: equal weighting, linear regression, maximization algorithm and factor analysis. Correlation analyses to quantify the association between the differently weighted GIMD versions and mortality based on district-level official data from Germany in 2010 were applied (n=412 districts).Outcome measuresTotal mortality (all age groups) and premature mortality (<65 years).ResultsAll correlations of the GIMD versions with both total and premature mortality were highly significant (p<0.001). The comparison of these associations using Williams’s t-test for paired correlations showed significant differences, which proved to be small in respect to absolute values of Spearman’s rho (total mortality: between 0.535 and 0.615; premature mortality: between 0.699 and 0.832).ConclusionsThe association between area deprivation and mortality proved to be stable, regardless of different weighting of the GIMD domains. The theory-based weighting of the GIMD should be maintained, due to the stability of the GIMD scores and the relationship to mortality.

Country- and individual-level determinants of probable problematic gambling in adolescence: a multi-level cross-national comparison

Addiction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2089-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Molinaro ◽  
Natale Canale ◽  
Alessio Vieno ◽  
Michela Lenzi ◽  
Valeria Siciliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Level ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Problematic Gambling ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals A cross-national comparison of violence among young men in China and the UK: psychiatric and cultural explanations

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1267-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Coid ◽  
Junmei Hu ◽  
Constantinos Kallis ◽  
Yuan Ping ◽  
Juying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Men ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Health in Cross-National Comparison

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Präg ◽  
Melinda C. Mills ◽  
Rafael Wittek
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Psychological Wellbeing ◽  
National Study ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Subjective Socioeconomic Status ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Cross National Study ◽  
Subjective Ses ◽  
Cross National

Research has established a robust association between subjective socioeconomic status (SES) and health outcomes, which holds over and above the associations between objective markers of SES and health. Furthermore, comparative research on health inequalities has shown considerable variation in the relationship between different objective markers of SES and health across countries. Drawing on data from 29 countries, we present the first cross-national study on the subjective SES–health relationship. For two health outcomes, namely self-rated health (SRH) and psychological wellbeing, we are able to confirm that subjective SES is related to health in all countries under study, even when income, education, and occupational prestige are accounted for. Furthermore, we document considerable variation in the strength of the subjective SES–health association across countries. This variation however is largely independent of country differences in income inequality and country affluence. The health benefits of a high subjective SES appear to be slightly larger in more affluent countries, but only for SRH, not for psychological wellbeing.

scholarly journals The influence of social capital on self-rated health and depression – The Nord-Trøndelag health study (HUNT)

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik R. Sund ◽  
Stig H. Jørgensen ◽  
Andy Jones ◽  
Steinar Krokstad ◽  
Marit Heggdal
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Organizational Activity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ward Level

The article examines the relationship between neighbourhood social capital and two health outcomes: selfrated health and depression. A total of 42,571 individuals aged 30–67 years participated in a cross-sectional total population health study in Nord-Trøndelag in 1995–1997 (HUNT II) and were investigated using multilevel modelling. Aims were, first, to investigate potential area effects after accounting for the characteristics of individuals in the neighbourhoods (N = 155), and, second, to explore the relationships between contextual social capital (the level of trust at the neighbourhood level and the level of local organizational activity) and the two health measures. Models with stepwise inclusion of individual level factors attenuated the ward level variance for both self-rated health (PCV: 41%) and depression (PCV: 43%). The inclusion of the two contextual social capital items attenuated the ward level variance for both self-rated health and depression, however to varying degrees. At the individual level, contextual social capital was associated with both self-rated health and depression. Individuals living in wards with a low level of trust experienced an increased risk of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.13-1.63) for poor self-rated health compared to individuals in wards with a high level of trust. For depression, this effect was even stronger (OR 1.52, 1.23-1.87). The associations with the level of organizational activity were inconsistent and weaker for both health outcomes. It was concluded that geographical variations in self-rated health and depression are largely due to the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals. Nevertheless, contextual social capital, expressed as the level of trust, was found to be associated with depression and self-rated health at individual level.

scholarly journals Area and individual circumstances and mood disorder prevalence

2004 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas W. J. Wainwright ◽  
Paul G. Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Mood Disorder ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundAssociations have been demonstrated between contextual (area level) factors and a range of physical health outcomes, but their relationship with mental health outcomes is less well understood.AimsTo investigate the relative strength of association between individual and area-level demographic and socioeconomic factors and mood disorder prevalence in the UK.MethodCross-sectional data from 19 687 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk.ResultsArea deprivation was associated with current (12-month) mood disorders after adjusting for individual-level socio-economic status (OR for top v. bottom quartile of deprivation scores 1.29, 95% C11.1–1.5, P < 0.001). However, this association was small relative to those observed for individual marital and employment status. Significant residual area-level variation in current mood disorders (representing 3.6% of total variation, P=0.04) was largely accounted for by individual-level factors.ConclusionsThe magnitude of the association between socio-economic status and mood disorders is greater at the individual level than at the area level.

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